Intermarriage, Value Context and Union Dissolution: Sweden 1990–2005

This article analyzes the connection between exogamy and union dissolution using individual level register data for native Swedes and immigrants in Sweden. We study both married and cohabiting unions, from the birth of the first child until dissolution (N?=?403,294). Event history models are employed to study the association between type of union and value dissimilarity between spouses on the one hand, and union dissolution, on the other, controlling for human capital and demographic characteristics. The results are in line with the exogamy hypothesis; that mixed unions face higher dissolution risks than endogamous unions. We also find support for the value dissimilarity hypothesis; that the disruptive effect of exogamy increases with the degree of value context dissimilarity between partners. Finally, the results corroborate the gender difference hypothesis; that the effects on union dissolution of exogamy and value context dissimilarity depend on the gender of the immigrant in exogamous unions.     

Use It or Save It? Migration Background and Parental Leave Uptake in Sweden

Sweden is a welfare state with a family policy that strongly emphasizes equality without distinction by place of birth or gender. In this study, we investigate the differences in uptake of parental leave between native and immigrant mothers, and the connection to labour-market attachment. Sweden represents a unique case study, not only because of the strong effort to combine work and family for all women and men, the high level of fertility and the large presence of immigrants in the country; it also enables a detailed and sophisticated analysis based on the high-quality data derived from its population registers. We find that immigrant mothers use more parental leave benefit the first year after their child’s birth, but then fewer in the second year compared with native mothers. The differences diminish when labour-market activity is controlled for. Additionally, after a time in Sweden, immigrant mothers use leave more similarly to how native mothers do.     

Immigration,Gender, and Earnings in Israel

This study describes and accounts for gender differences in earnings among the foreign-born in Israel and how these differences vary by origin countries. It expands on an earlier study that examined the effect of being foreign-born and female on employment status. I address three major questions: Do earnings corroborate the “double disadvantage” of immigrant women relative to both native-born women and native and foreign-born men? How do gender differences in earnings evolve with the prolongation of tenure in the new country? Does the combined effect of nativity status and gender act similarly among all foreign-born groups? Results of OLS regressions from the 1995 population census indicates that, everything else being equal, immigrants, including immigrant women, out-earn native-born men. The effect of tenure, by single year, shows that immigrant men and immigrant women follow very similar trajectories but the latter achieve similarity to native-born men much sooner. A detailed analysis reveals important stratification by country of birth. All the immigrant women who out-earned native men and native women originated in America or Europe. By contrast, all immigrant women who are at a disadvantage relative to native-born men are from Asia or Africa. The most common pattern, in which immigrant women earn as much as native-born men do but out-earn native-born women, characterizes immigrants from both Asia–Africa and Europe–America. The results are discussed in reference to three working hypotheses—“absorption climate,” “immigration motivation,” and “socio-cultural norms”—and in close connection with observations from the investigation on employment status.     

陕西商洛方言概述

商洛人口根据移民来源的先后可分为两批,一批是本地人,主要分布在商州、丹凤、洛南等市县城市广大地区,讲此种语言的人主要是当地土著居民和明代移民至此较早的"大槐树人",他们以主户自居。另一批是第二次移民高潮来陕的人,他们的祖先于清初伴随着"湖广填陕南"的浪潮从江南和广东、福建沿海等地入陕定居,故被称作"客户人",其名称和"客家人"的叫法有异曲同工之妙。商洛的本地人还称"下湖话"为"蛮子"山蛮子"鬼蛮子",下湖人则称本地话为"瞎家伙话"爪子话"奤子话"。在相关方言材料和文献资料的基础上,对各种称谓的说法作出了相应地解释。     

A Double Disadvantage? Immigration, Gender, and Employment Status in Israel

This article examines gender differences in employment status among immigrants in Israel, and how these differences vary across origin groups. Analysis of the 1995 population census indicates that, all else being equal, immigrant women exert a negative effect on activity in the annual labor force. As time elapses, the probability of immigrant women being employed improves but remains considerably lower than that of both immigrant and native-born men. However, after a few years in the country, immigrant women do close the gap with native-born women. For employment status in the last week, being an immigrant woman has a positive effect on full-time employment. A detailed analysis reveals substantial stratification by country of birth. Thus, the patterns of employment status for immigrant groups can reflect different levels (single, double, and triple) of disadvantage or advantage for women. I attach this stratification to cultural background and social values of country of birth as well as to economic and religious considerations, not fully indexed by the census data.     

Naturalization and Earnings: A Denmark–Sweden Comparison

The determinants and consequences of the naturalization of immigrants is a hot topic in the political debate in Europe. This article compares the effect of naturalization on the income attainment of immigrants in two Scandinavian countries, Denmark and Sweden, using longitudinal register data from 1986 and onward. Sweden is characterized by low obstacles to naturalization, and existing studies provide inconclusive evidence regarding the impact of naturalization on labor market outcomes. Denmark is instead characterized by higher barriers to naturalization, as well as a virtual inexistence of previous studies on the topic. Results, obtained through individual fixed-effect regression analysis, suggest similar effects in both countries. A consistent naturalization premium is detected for immigrants of Asian and African descent, but not for any other immigrant group. The similarity across contexts arguably questions the use of more stringent naturalization laws to promote the economic integration of immigrants.     

Economic Consequences of Union Dissolution in Italy: Findings from the European Community Household Panel

Union dissolution is a constantly increasing phenomenon across Europe—even in Italy where the prevalence of divorce has always been among the lowest. This poses several questions on the potential consequences of such an event on the families involved. Many studies show that women usually experience the worst financial consequences, although there are few analyses on Italy, given the relatively low levels of union instability. In this work we study the impact of separation on the economic well-being of men and women using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), analyzed using both objective and subjective measures. By means of a matching method, we also estimate the effect of union dissolution, taking account of possible variations according to the different living arrangements adopted by ex-partners after separation. Results confirm that women experience worse economic distress than men. However, there is also a significant drop in economic well-being among non-custodial fathers who live alone after separation. In addition, it is found that income-based measures do not encapsulate all the dimensions of well-being, and therefore need to be complemented with other measures.     

清代台湾土著妇女的日常生活

清代台湾社会经济的发展离不开广大妇女的积极参与,土著妇女在日常社会生活中扮演了重要角色,她们不仅是耕织的主要承担者,而且在公共性社会活动中也占有一席之地,并由此决定了她们在婚姻家庭中享受较大的权利。她们与汉族移民的联姻,又加快了不同族群间的融合步伐,促进了台湾社会的发展。     

For Better and for Worse: The Relationship Between Union Dissolution and Self-Assessed Health in European Panel Data

We investigate the association between union dissolution and self-assessed health in European panel data. Previous studies suggest that this association might be negative, yet it is unclear to what extent this reflects causation (an effect of union dissolution of health) and/or selection (an effect of health on union dissolution). We analyzed the relationship between self-assessed health and 3,894 union dissolutions in about 60,000 respondents aged 18–59 across eight waves of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). Fixed-effect panel analyses show that the negative association between dissolution and self-assessed health is not due to a general negative effect of divorce on health. Rather, after union dissolution self-assessed health improves among some individuals, while for others it declines. Compared to being in a union continuously, union dissolution seems to cause increases and decreases in health. We also find evidence for a negative effect of self-assessed health on dissolution risks. This selection effect appears to be associated with being in poor self-assessed health for a prolonged period of time rather than by the immediate effect of a health decline. Our results support the idea that the association between union dissolution and self-assessed health is an outcome of both causation and selection and that the effect of union dissolution on self-assessed health is heterogeneous.     

自我身份探索的途径——《同名人》异族婚恋主题分析

流散文学中,对自我身份的探索和文化身份认同是重要的表现内容,印裔美籍流散作家裘帕·拉希莉的《同名人》描写了两代印度移民自我身份探索时的困境、文化融合等问题。异族婚恋是《同名人》中,第二代印度移民面对印度文化与异质文化之间冲突与抉择时,进行自我身份探索的途径,也是身份认同的中介及桥梁。     

农村婚姻移民的家庭融合及对其异地适应的影响

异地联姻是夫妻双方来自不同的县、市、省而形成的跨地区通婚,婚姻移民是因为异地联姻而发生了迁移的人员。婚姻移民家庭融合程度较高,这是因为异地联姻是在各种结构性因素限制下联姻双方所做出的理性选择,符合婚姻移民和当地居民双方的利益。但是,异地联姻家庭中也存在一些较为普遍的家庭问题与家庭矛盾,"异地联姻"的因素仍对其家庭融合产生负面影响。家庭融合对婚姻移民的异地生活适应有非常重要的影响。     

宁夏生态移民社会关系重构影响因素与干预策略研究

宁夏生态移民搬迁后,与他人生活空间上的接近和心理上的互相接纳为移民社会关系的重构提供了必要条件,移民逐渐拓展自己的社会关系网络。但在原居民主动排斥和生态移民自我封闭的双重因素影响下,移民社会关系重构仍面临着一定困难,需要通过强化移民心理干预、借助媒体争取社会支持、缓解公共资源竞争、改善移民生计资本等措施实施干预,帮助移民尽快重构社会关系网络,推动和谐移民社会的构建与发展。     

Immigrant fertility in West Germany: Is there a socialization effect in transitions to second and third births?

In this paper on immigrant fertility in West Germany, we estimate the transition rates to second and third births, using intensity-regression models. The data come from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study. We distinguish women of the first and the second immigrant generations originating from Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, and Spain, and compare their fertility levels to those of West German women. In the theoretical framework, we discuss competing hypotheses on migrant fertility. The findings support mainly the socialization hypothesis: the transition rates of first-generation immigrants vary by country of origin, and the fertility patterns of migrant descendants resemble more closely those of West Germans than those of the first immigrant generation. In addition, the analyses show that fertility differentials between immigrants and women of the indigenous population can largely, though not in full, be explained by compositional differences.     

Women and immigrants: Strangers in a strange land

This paper draws an analogy between the fate of women in the labor market and immigrants in the host country by examining the social processes that affect both categories. Immigrants, and women in traditionally male occupations, are usually regarded and treated as strangers, reflected in stereotyping, exclusion, segregation, and assimilation. By conceptualizing gender-based occupational segregation in terms of territory, borders, and migration we attempt to understand this phenomenon and its persistence in a new way and within a wider framework of social distinctions and inequality. These processes are specifically illustrated by two examples: women in a traditionally male occupational sphere, i.e., faculty women in academia, and immigrant scientists.     

Immigrant Occupational Mobility: Longitudinal Evidence from Spain

This article examines the occupational mobility of immigrants between their countries of origin and Spain on the basis of one of the few surveys available internationally with longitudinal information on immigrant employment in home and host countries. The evidence shows that the occupational status of immigrants in the Spanish labour market is, in general, substantially worse than in their countries of origin. The severe loss of occupational status experienced by immigrants is explained by the combined effect of the intense initial downgrading they experience when entering the Spanish labour market and their very slow occupational progress during their stay in Spain. These findings are more in line with the segmented assimilation theory, which suggests a limited or blocked immigrant occupational mobility, than with the assimilation theory, which predicts a U shaped evolution in the occupational status of immigrants between their home and host countries. As a result, the Spanish case contrasts sharply with previous evidence for other advanced countries, which tends to support the assimilation perspective. Finally, the empirical evidence suggests that one of the elements impeding the occupational mobility of immigrants in Spain is the significant size of the secondary segment of the labour market, which restricts immigrants’ opportunities mainly to low-status occupations.     

关于农村移民子女的初级社会化问题初探--农村移民子女及其家庭情况的初步调查

农村移民子女的初始社会化,决定着他们和他们的家庭在城市持续的生存和发展能力.儿童时期进入城市,是他们开始初始社会化的最佳时期.为此,农村移民家庭作出了不懈的努力,城市教育体制还需进一步改革.帮助农村移民子女完成初始社会化,这不仅对个人、对整个社会的发展都很重要.     

自然保护区生态移民农户的生计响应测度——以小溪国家级自然保护区生态移民调查数据为样本

生计问题是自然保护区生态移民城镇化安置中的重要问题,认识和解决这一问题不能忽视移民的生计响应。基于“四维度三强度”生计响应分析框架和测度方法,以小溪国家级自然保护区261户移民农户调查数据为样本,测度了武陵山片区自然保护区移民农户的生计响应情况,发现移民生计资本响应不均衡且移民获取资本能力较弱。移民户生计方式响应最好但移民户之间差异较大,移民户生计产出响应较为明显,尤其是生计产出的行动响应方面最强,移民户生计空间响应相对较弱但移民户之间的差异相对较小。结果表明,武陵山片区自然保护区移民农户的生计响应情况总体较好,但移民农户的生计响应强度由感知、意愿到行动呈现依次递减状态,且移民农户的生计空间响应和物质资本响应仍有较大提升空间。此外,移民生计响应的维度和强度,对移民生计增收机制起着强化或抑制的作用,进而影响移民的持续发展。妥善应对生计响应外部环境带来的各种影响,尊重并激发生计主体的能动性选择,形成移民生计响应与增收机制的正向循环,是提升移民生计响应强度、形成移民持续生计能力、实现移民持续发展的基本思路和路径方法。     

自然保护区生态移民农户的生计响应测度——以小溪国家级自然保护区生态移民调查数据为样本

生计问题是自然保护区生态移民城镇化安置中的重要问题,认识和解决这一问题不能忽视移民的生计响应。基于“四维度三强度”生计响应分析框架和测度方法,以小溪国家级自然保护区261户移民农户调查数据为样本,测度了武陵山片区自然保护区移民农户的生计响应情况,发现移民生计资本响应不均衡且移民获取资本能力较弱。移民户生计方式响应最好但移民户之间差异较大,移民户生计产出响应较为明显,尤其是生计产出的行动响应方面最强,移民户生计空间响应相对较弱但移民户之间的差异相对较小。结果表明,武陵山片区自然保护区移民农户的生计响应情况总体较好,但移民农户的生计响应强度由感知、意愿到行动呈现依次递减状态,且移民农户的生计空间响应和物质资本响应仍有较大提升空间。此外,移民生计响应的维度和强度,对移民生计增收机制起着强化或抑制的作用,进而影响移民的持续发展。妥善应对生计响应外部环境带来的各种影响,尊重并激发生计主体的能动性选择,形成移民生计响应与增收机制的正向循环,是提升移民生计响应强度、形成移民持续生计能力、实现移民持续发展的基本思路和路径方法。     

Ethnic intermarriage in the Netherlands: confirmations and refutations of accepted insights

Previous studies on ethnic intermarriage have been done mainly in the United States and in other classical immigration countries. This article examines ethnic intermarriage among Surinamese, Dutch Antilleans, Turks, and Moroccans in the Netherlands. From a theoretical and empirical perspective, it is important to examine whether patterns observed earlier in traditional immigrant countries equally apply to the Dutch context. To obtain a sufficiently large sample, this study pools five nationally representative surveys, conducted in the period 1988–2002. In line with findings documented before, it observes that ethnic exogamy occurs more frequently among the second generation, and among those who arrived at a younger age, and who are higher educated. Equally corresponding to previous work, the study reports that ethnic intermarriage is more frequent when the group-specific sex ratio is more uneven and when the ethnic group is predominantly second generation. Contrary to findings observed elsewhere, results show that the black Surinamese and Dutch Antilleans have high intermarriage rates and that there is little evidence for status exchange in mixed marriages.     

约翰·斯坦贝克《菊花》的及物性分析

语言通过意义将纷繁复杂的世界经验识解为各类图形,并由词汇语法层的及物性系统体现。语言使用者选择不同及物性过程来表征世界经验时,其实际选择受到语言使用者自身经验、情景语境及文化语境的影响。分析约翰.斯坦贝克的短篇小说《菊花》及物性系统的相关文体特征,有助于揭示文本的深层主题意义：在当时社会背景下,女主人公所代表的女性世界被禁锢于家务和园艺中,在其他社会活动中只是被影响的对象,体现被动性;男性世界则专注于物质活动,极少用＂心＂去感知世界,缺少感性思维活动;具有主观能动性的人也失去了自我,变成了受客观环境支配的对象。