State Policies as a Source of Civil Law*

State policies exert a great influence over Chinese civil justice. Article 6 of the General Principles of Civil Law stipulates that state policies are a source of civil law, but the path by which they enter civil justice is not a rational one and may lead to adjudication difficulties with state policies. State policies are integrated with state law, and the laws and legal interpretations formulated by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, judicial interpretations, administrative regulations, autonomous regulations and special regulations, administrative rules and other regulatory documents are forms of expression of state policies. Different rules for adjudication apply depending on the different vehicles of state policy. The Supreme People’s Court can play a role in making public policy and guiding state policy into civil adjudication through “open” and “unseen” channels.     

意志、道德意志、善良意志

意志是以自由为存在前提的,其策动的行为处于善恶之间;道德意志是道德活动中的意志,是意志中指向善的那一部分,其行为以善为指向;善良意志是道德意志中的纯粹利他部分,它是道德意志的一种特殊状态,其行为以善本身为目的.从道德动机的角度来看,从意志到道德意志再到善良意志,表现为人的道德属性不断增强的发展过程,既不能将意志等同于道德意志,也不能将道德意志等同于善良意志.因此,厘清三者的各自内涵,既是道德理论探讨的需要,也是道德实践的需要.     

Sexual Abuse as a Moral Event

Correspondence to Kate Stewart, 8 Sellbourne Villas, St Marys Road, Bradford BD9 4NN Summary This article suggests that the moral dimension of sexual abusehas remained implicit rather than explicit. As such, it hasreceived little examination and thought with the result thatthe blunt instrument of common sense morality is applied withoutanalysis. The article examines the way in which this commonsense morality is differentially applied to the event of sexualabuse and the events of the professional system's reactionsto sexual abuse. It proposes a form of moral mapping which willhelp children and professionals disentangle and analyse themoral dimensions of sexual abuse and other events in children'slives.     

Child Temperament as a Mediator of Mother-Toddler Problem Solving*

This paper is concerned with the role of child temperament in regulating adult-child cognitive interaction. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether child temperament as rated by the mother at an earlier time relates to maternal guidance and partner involvement on a joint task at a later time. In Study 1, 26 2.5-year-old children and their mothers participated in joint problem solving followed by a child-only posttest involving related tasks. Children rated as having more difficult temperaments received more cognitive assistance and disapproval from their mothers, as well as greater involvement from them in more challenging aspects of the tasks. Temperament was not related to child involvement during the joint task nor to task performance during the interaction or on the posttest. In Study 2, another group of 26 2.5-year-old children and their mothers participated in joint problem solving using different tasks than in Study 1. Results from Study 2 replicate those of Study 1. Also, children rated as having more difficult temperaments performed more poorly on the individual posttest. Results support the suggestion that child temperament may mediate the cognitive opportunities that arise during parent-child collaboration and are discussed in relation to Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development.     

Xiuyan County Full of Colors and Looks

<正>Editor's words: Xiuyan is the Manchu autonomic county in Liaoning province. It is an ageold town with long history of Manchu and is famous     

A New Right? Moral Issues and Partisan Change in Canada*

Objective. Beginning with the 1993 election, Canada's Progressive Conservative Party was replaced as the dominant force on the political right by the more ideological Reform Party/Canadian Alliance. This article examines what specific issues most centrally motivated this seismic shift among conservative Canadians. Method. Using data from the 1993, 1997, and 2000 Canadian Election Studies, we employ bivariate analyses and multinomial logit voting models to determine whether constitutional, economic, nativist, or moral issues most clearly differentiate PC supporters from R/A voters. Results. Regional concerns are important and other issues have sporadic impacts, but moral traditionalism is the most consistent and powerful factor distinguishing supporters of the new party from supporters of the old one. Conclusions. Although existing studies have focused primarily on other sources of R/A support, moral traditionalism is clearly a key factor in explaining the party's ascendancy. This phenomenon, we contend, is part of a larger trend toward postmaterial politics in Western democracies.     

Moral Motivation as a Dynamic Developmental Process: Toward an Integrative Synthesis

The real‐life complexity of moral motivation can be examined and explained by reintegrating time and development into moral inquiry. This article is one of the possible integrative steps in this direction. A dynamic developmental conception of moral motivation can be a useful bridge toward such integration. A comprehensive view of moral motivation is presented. Moral motivation is reconceptualized as a developmental process of self‐organization and self‐regulation out of which moral judgment and action emerge through the interplay of dynamically intertwined cognitive and emotional components. Moral identity is proposed to emerge from long‐term self‐organization of moral motivation. In turn, as a higher‐order construct, moral identity has a top‐down influence on real‐time self‐organization. The article includes an account of short‐term changes in moral motivation, and an account that connects real‐time moral functioning with long‐term changes. Moral motivation is qualified as a dynamic developmental process on the basis of self‐organization, multicausality, nonlinearity, interconnectedness of time scales and substantial intrapersonal variability through motivational pluralism.     

Urban America as a Context for the Development of Moral Identity in Adolescence

Moral identity, defined as a self-consistent commitment to lines of action benefiting others, is described in the contexts of adolescence and poor, urban neighborhoods. A model of moral identity development is proposed. According to the model, stable characteristics of the individual and the individual's family, in conjunction with social attitudes, self-conceptions, and opportunities for the exploration of prosocial action, influence the development of moral identity. Analyses from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provide support for the model, and demonstrate that urban poverty is associated with few opportunities for development of moral identity. We argue that the provision of these opportunities should be given a high priority both to foster good individual development and as a means for increasing social capital in neighborhoods.     

The Moral Arc as a Pretzel: Social Justice in the Trenches

This article explores how social justice has been defined in social work practice and contests the claim of some in our profession that direct practice and social welfare programs are incompatible with social justice, drawing on Foucault’s work on the inextricable link between power and knowledge. This article proposes that social justice “in the trenches” needs further theorizing. Literature supporting a view that direct practice is congruent with a social justice perspective is reviewed. Theory of recognition is introduced as a possible overarching theory to ground direct practice within a social justice framework.     

The Uses of a Good Theory

How does one diminish discrimination? Many members of SPSSI, including the present authors, have tried to reduce discrimination through the application of good theories. We outline three theoretical approaches that Crosby, like many other psychologists, has taken as she has struggled with discrimination. Sometimes missing in Crosby's approach, and often missing in the approach of others, is a frank avowal of values. We argue that the attempt to divorce science from values renders theories less effective than they need be and even allows unexamined values to contaminate good research.     

What Adoption Looks Like in Dreams of the Adopted

Abstract

Adopted people's dreams were collected and divided into childhood dreams of separation, adult dreams of reconnecting, and postsearch dreams of integrating two identities, the birth family with the adoptive family. The dreams are used to discuss adoptee experience.