非等间隔动态面板数据模型：基于半差分的估计方法和应用

本文提出了非等间隔动态面板数据模型的估计方法,包括非线性最小二乘和最短距离估计法以及这两种估计方法的一步估计量,并且证明了这几个估计量的一致性和渐进正态性。我们使用数值模拟的方法验证了这些估计在有限样本中的估计精度,并且将这四种估计方法应用于实际的问题当中,最终得到了与以往的文献基本一致的估计结果。     

A Meta Analytic Approach to Testing for Panel Cointegration

We propose new tests for panel cointegration by extending the panel unit root tests of Choi (2001 Choi , I. ( 2001 ). Unit root tests for panel data . Journal of International Money and Finance 20 ( 2 ): 249 – 272 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Maddala and Wu (1999 Maddala , G. , Wu , S. ( 1999 ). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61 ( S1 ): 631 – 652 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) to the panel cointegration case. The tests are flexible, intuitively appealing, and relatively easy to compute. We investigate the finite sample behavior in a simulation study. Several variants of the tests compare favorably in terms of both size and power with other widely used panel cointegration tests.     

考虑截面相关条件下的异质性面板数据协整回归模型的估计

 面板数据的非平稳分析是近年来迅速发展的方向,其中考虑截面相关情形下面板数据的协整分析的发展备受关注。Bai &; Kao（2006）得出了截面相关条件下面板协整估计的因子模型,但该模型只考虑了被解释变量截面相关情形,未考虑解释变量的截面相关,且假定各截面间长期协方差矩阵相同。本文在Bai（2006）考虑截面相关条件下面板数据协整回归模型估计的基础上将其结论推广至被解释变量和解释变量均截面相关及截面长期协方差矩阵不相同即异质性时的情形,并试图通过Monte Carlo 模拟讨论其小样本性质。并且由于截面间长期协方差矩阵异质性的存在,本文还针对两变量的协整系统提出了系数检验的组间均值t统计量。     

The Estimation and Inference of a Panel Cointegration Model with a Time Trend

This article investigates the asymptotic properties of coefficient estimators in the panel cointegration model with a time trend. We find that the bias of OLS estimator for the slope coefficient in the panel cointegration model with a time trend is distinct from that in the panel cointegration model without a time trend. Meanwhile, the variance of the limiting distribution for the slope coefficient is larger in the panel cointegration model with a time trend than without a time trend.     

Estimation of Some Nonlinear Panel Data Models With Both Time-Varying and Time-Invariant Explanatory Variables

The so-called “fixed effects” approach to the estimation of panel data models suffers from the limitation that it is not possible to estimate the coefficients on explanatory variables that are time-invariant. This is in contrast to a “random effects” approach, which achieves this by making much stronger assumptions on the relationship between the explanatory variables and the individual-specific effect. In a linear model, it is possible to obtain the best of both worlds by making random effects-type assumptions on the time-invariant explanatory variables while maintaining the flexibility of a fixed effects approach when it comes to the time-varying covariates. This article attempts to do the same for some popular nonlinear models.     

System Estimation of Panel Data Models Under Long-Range Dependence

A general dynamic panel data model is considered that incorporates individual and interactive fixed effects allowing for contemporaneous correlation in model innovations. The model accommodates general stationary or nonstationary long-range dependence through interactive fixed effects and innovations, removing the necessity to perform a priori unit-root or stationarity testing. Moreover, persistence in innovations and interactive fixed effects allows for cointegration; innovations can also have vector-autoregressive dynamics; deterministic trends can be featured. Estimations are performed using conditional-sum-of-squares criteria based on projected series by which latent characteristics are proxied. Resulting estimates are consistent and asymptotically normal at standard parametric rates. A simulation study provides reliability on the estimation method. The method is then applied to the long-run relationship between debt and GDP. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

动态面板阈模型的一种序贯两步估计

动态面板阈模型可以刻画经济变量动态调整过程的非对称性,在实证分析中有广泛的运用,但阈值参数的引入同时增加了参数估计的困难,理论上尚有许多问题没有解决。针对此类模型,本文提出了一种简单而实用的序贯两步估计方法,首先利用格点搜索获得阈值参数的一致估计,基于该参数对数据结构进行合理划分并引入不同类型的矩条件,然后利用广义矩方法获得自回归参数的估计。理论研究与模拟结果表明,序贯两步估计具有良好的大样本性质和有限样本表现;与现有文献的方法相比,序贯两步估计能够有效避免不同类型参数估计偏差的相互影响,减小估计量的偏差与均方根误差。     

Exact Tests in Panel Data Using Generalized p-Values

In this article, we consider exact tests in panel data regression model with one-way and two-way error component for which no exact tests are available. Exact inferences using generalized p-values are obtained. When there are several groups of panel data, test for equal coefficients under one-way and two-way error component are derived.     

Sieve Estimation of Time-Varying Panel Data Models With Latent Structures

We propose a heterogeneous time-varying panel data model with a latent group structure that allows the coefficients to vary over both individuals and time. We assume that the coefficients change smoothly over time and form different unobserved groups. When treated as smooth functions of time, the individual functional coefficients are heterogeneous across groups but homogeneous within a group. We propose a penalized-sieve-estimation-based classifier-Lasso (C-Lasso) procedure to identify the individuals’ membership and to estimate the group-specific functional coefficients in a single step. The classification exhibits the desirable property of uniform consistency. The C-Lasso estimators and their post-Lasso versions achieve the oracle property so that the group-specific functional coefficients can be estimated as well as if the individuals’ membership were known. Several extensions are discussed. Simulations demonstrate excellent finite sample performance of the approach in both classification and estimation. We apply our method to study the heterogeneous trending behavior of GDP per capita across 91 countries for the period 1960–2012 and find four latent groups.     

Bootstrapping the Hausman Test in Panel Data Models

In the article, it is shown that in panel data models the Hausman test (HT) statistic can be considerably refined using the bootstrap technique. Edgeworth expansion shows that the coverage of the bootstrapped HT is second-order correct.

The asymptotic versus the bootstrapped HT are compared also by Monte Carlo simulations. At the null hypothesis and a nominal size of 0.05, the bootstrapped HT reduces the coverage error of the asymptotic HT by 10–40% of nominal size; for nominal sizes less than or equal to 0.025, the coverage error reduction is between 30% and 80% of nominal size. For the nonnull alternatives, the power of the asymptotic HT fictitiously increases by over 70% of the correct power for nominal sizes less than or equal to 0.025; the bootstrapped HT reduces overrejection to less than one fourth of its value. The advantages of the bootstrapped HT increase with the number of explanatory variables.

Heteroscedasticity or serial correlation in the idiosyncratic part of the error does not hamper advantages of the bootstrapped version of HT, if a heteroscedasticity robust version of the HT and the wild bootstrap are used. But, the power penalty is not negligible if a heteroscedasticity robust approach is used in the homoscedastic panel data model.     

动态广义最小二乘法在面板协整中的应用研究

在进行非平稳面板数据的协整分析时,使用动态最小二乘法（DOLS）可以有效消除内生性问题,从而得到具有渐进正态分布的统计量。但在小样本条件下,由于可使用解释变量差分项的阶数有限,导致模型中均衡误差项的序列相关,使得DOLS统计量出现严重的检验水平畸变。为此,本文将单一时间序列的动态广义最小二乘法（DGLS）应用于非平稳的同质面板数据模型。在序贯极限分布的条件下,DGLS统计量仍具有正态的条件极限分布。而仿真实验表明,对于非平稳的同质面板数据模型,即使在均衡误差项存在高序列相关的条件下,DGLS统计量仍具有较好的小样本性质。     

面板数据的贝叶斯Elastic Net分位数回归方法及其应用研究

本文首次将Elastic Net这种用于高度相关变量的惩罚方法用于面板数据的贝叶斯分位数回归,并基于非对称Laplace先验分布推导所有参数的后验分布,进而构建Gibbs抽样。为了验证模型的有效性,本文将面板数据的贝叶斯Elastic Net分位数回归方法(BQR. EN)与面板数据的贝叶斯分位数回归方法(BQR)、面板数据的贝叶斯Lasso分位数回归方法(BLQR)、面板数据的贝叶斯自适应Lasso分位数回归方法(BALQR)进行了多种情形下的全方位比较,结果表明BQR. EN方法适用于具有高度相关性、数据维度很高和尖峰厚尾分布特征的数据。进一步地,本文就BQR. EN方法在不同扰动项假设、不同样本量的情形展开模拟比较,验证了新方法的稳健性和小样本特性。最后,本文选取互联网金融类上市公司经济增加值(EVA)作为实证研究对象,检验新方法在实际问题中的参数估计与变量选择能力,实证结果符合预期。     

Robust Estimation of Moments in Dynamic Panel Models with Potential Intercorrelation

In this article, we provide some robust estimation of moments of the random effects and the errors in dynamic panel data models with potential intercorrelation. By differencing the residuals over the individual and time indies, we modify the popularly used Arellano-Bond GMM estimator of the parameter coefficient and study its asymptotic properties. Based on the modified parameter estimator, we construct, respectively, some moment estimators of the random effects and the errors with no affecting each other. Their asymptotic normalities are obtained under some mild conditions. The finite sample properties are investigated by a small Monte Carlo simulation experiment.     

Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panel Data Analysis

This article provides an overview of the existing literature on panel data models with error cross-sectional dependence (CSD). We distinguish between weak and strong CSD and link these concepts to the spatial and factor structure approaches. We consider estimation under strong and weak exogeneity of the regressors for both T fixed and T large cases. Available tests for CSD and methods for determining the number of factors are discussed in detail. The finite-sample properties of some estimators and statistics are investigated using Monte Carlo experiments.     

A Class of Two-Sample Nonparametric Tests for Panel Count Data

Panel count data frequently occur in many situations including medical follow-up studies and reliability experiments. For two-sample comparison based on panel count data, several procedures have been proposed including Thall and Lachin (1988 Thall , P. F. , Lachin , J. M. ( 1988 ). Analysis of recurrent events: nonparametric methods for random-interval count data . J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 83 : 339 – 347 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Sun and Fang (2003 Sun , J. , Fang , H. B. ( 2003 ). A nonparametric test for panel count data . Biometrika 90 : 199 – 208 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). In this article, a new class of nonparametric test procedures are presented. The test is a generalization of that for the same problem for failure time data and overcomes some shortcomings of the existing methods. Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the presented approach and suggest that it works well. An illustrative example is discussed.     

Bias-Corrected Estimation in Dynamic Panel Data Models

This study develops a new bias-corrected estimator for the fixed-effects dynamic panel data model and derives its limiting distribution for finite number of time periods, T, and large number of cross-section units, N. The bias-corrected estimator is derived as a bias correction of the least squares dummy variable (within) estimator. It does not share some of the drawbacks of recently developed instrumental variables and generalized method-of-moments estimators and is relatively easy to compute. Monte Carlo experiments provide evidence that the bias-corrected estimator performs well even in small samples. The proposed technique is applied in an empirical analysis of unemployment dynamics at the U.S. state level for the 1991–2000 period.     

面板数据的聚类分析及其应用

 不同于传统的计量建模分析，本文探讨了多元统计方法在面板数据分析上的运用。文中介绍了面板数据的统计描述方法，构造了面板数据之间相似性的统计指标，并在此基础上提出了面板数据聚类分析的有效方法，通过实际应用取得了良好的效果。     

具有组群异方差结构的面板数据模型及其应用研究

面板数据由不同个体的时间序列数据汇聚而成。已有大量研究表明面板数据个体之间存在组群结构,并且普遍存在模型的异方差现象。本文借鉴组群异质性的研究成果,构建模型误差项组群结构的面板数据模型,基于模型假定条件,提出惩罚伪最大似然函数估计法(PQMLE),该方法能够同时进行结构识别和参数估计;证明了估计量具有Oracle渐近性质;蒙特卡洛模拟验证了该方法有效的样本性质;进一步应用该方法对我国股市进行Fama-French三因子模型的实证分析,验证了理论模型的应用效果。     

时变系数空间自回归面板数据模型的极大似然估计

本文对扰动项存在跨时期的异方差、但不存在序列相关的时变系数空间自回归模型提出了极大似然的估计方法,并证明了该估计量的一致性,同时,证明了该估计量渐进服从正态分布,由此说明该估计量具有优良的大样本性质。同时,我们还对本文所提出估计量的小样本性质进行了数值模拟。本文研究表明,估计量虽然在N较小时偏差较大,但是随着N的不断增加,估计量偏差减小,体现了比较优良的渐进性质。同时,估计量的偏差会随着时期数的增加而变大,这说明本文所提出的估计方法适用于个体数较多、时期数较少的短面板数据。     

外资进入与国内工资差异：基于工业行业面板数据的联立估计

 本文通过内生化熟练劳动力的相对工资与相对供给,建立两方程联立估计模型,利用1999-2006年我国36个工业行业数据实证考察了外资对我国工资不平等的影响。以科技人员相对工资作为熟练劳动力的代理指标,研究结果表明,外资进入一方面会通过技术外溢渠道促进我国内资企业偏向熟练劳动力的技术进步、从而扩大我国的工资不平等,另一方面其较高的劳动报酬会吸引更多的熟练劳动力流向外资企业、从而减少我国内资企业熟练劳动力的相对供给,进而进一步扩大我国的工资不平等。文章最后对估计结果的稳健性进行了较为细致的检验,检验结果表明本文的主要估计结果是稳健的。