民营金字塔企业终极所有者融资约束与非效率投资行为研究

在对金字塔企业终极所有者投资行为进行理论分析的基础上,本文运用我国民营上市公司的非平衡面板数据,考察了民营金字塔企业终极所有者的非效率投资问题。研究发现:在受到融资约束的情况下,终极所有者会发生投资不足的行为;在不受融资约束的情况下,终极所有者出于最大化自身利益的考虑会进行过度投资;而在确保控制权的情况下,终极所有者所持有的现金流权越小,其过度投资越严重;投资者保护环境越差,越有利于终极所有者的过度投资行为。另外,文章运用理论模型探寻了终极所有者隧道挖掘与过度投资之间的关系,研究发现在不受融资约束的情况下二者呈正相关关系。     

投资者保护、控制权私利与金字塔结构——以格林柯尔为例

本文试图从投资者保护的制度背景出发,用控制权私利来解释金字塔结构的成因,并以中国证券市场具有代表性的格林柯尔为例进行分析。本文认为由于投资者保护的差异,投资者藉此事前形成了关于经济公正的不同预期,据此进行不同的投资行为选择。在投资者保护较弱的情况下,公司治理倾向于强势原则,诱使有实力的股东进行集中投资,进而通过金字塔结构的财富放大效应进行掏空和寻租等以获取控制权私利。同时,为了隐藏获取的控制权私利,强势的控股股东会利用金字塔结构的复杂性、对剩余公司治理的控制等有利条件,通过盈余管理等手段操纵会计信息,降低财务信息的透明度。     

民营上市公司集团治理与终极控制人侵占效应分析

本文以民营上市公司为样本,采用2002-2004年的面板数据,针对民营上市公司中普遍存在的集团治理现象,理论分析并实证检验了集团治理的各因素对终极控制人行为的综合影响.研究发现,在集团治理条件下,随着控制权和现金流权偏离程度的增加,终极控制人采取具有侵占效应的行为的激励越强.而上市公司的治理结构能够对这一影响起到调节作用,其中,股权结构中的内部股东集团比例增加会强化侵占效应的激励;董事会结构中外部董事比例的增加会抑制终极控制人的侵占效应行为.本文的经验证据表明,在对民营上市公司集团治理结构加强监管的同时,正确认识外部董事的作用、强化董事会的独立性并完善内部机制能够取到良好的治理效果.     

终极控制人、负责融资与企业非效率投资

通过对LSV模型的扩展,构建终极控制人对企业投资影响两期静态理论模型,研究终极控制人对企业投资的影响.分析表明,终极控制人在谋取控制权私有收益情况下,"隧道挖掘"成本越小,企业投资者保护程度越差时,终极控制人越易进行过度投资;终极控制人为国有性质的企业比终极控制人为非国有性质的企业更易过度投资;负债融资具有一定的相机治理效应,可提高终极控制人的投资决策点,抑制终极控制人过度投资.     

民营上市公司终极股东控制与资本结构决策

以2005年中国269家民营上市公司为样本,实证检验了资本结构决策中存在的终极股东代理问题.研究发现,终极股东的控制权、制衡度和现金流权与受控公司资产负债率显著负相关.这表明,在受控民营上市公司资本结构决策中,终极股东控制权比例和制衡度越高,股权融资给终极股东带来的控制权稀释风险越低,终极股东偏好股权融资;终极股东现金流权比例越低,终级股东承担的债务破产风险越小,终极股东偏好债务融资.研究结论一方面支持资本结构具有公司治理效应,另一方面证实了终极股东在资本结构决策中确实存在主动规避治理效应的动机和行为.     

金字塔结构、融资替代与资本结构——来自中国民营上市公司的经验证据

基于对"内部资本市场融资替代效应"的分析,本文以金字塔结构复杂性衡量内部资本市场规模,采用2005年我国270家民营上市公司为样本,实证检验金字塔结构对上市公司资本结构的影响。结果表明,金字塔结构复杂性与上市公司全部非银行借款率、短期非银行借款率显著正相关。这表明金字塔结构越复杂,上市公司越倾向利用内部资本市场提供的非银行借款。研究结论从"内部资本市场融资替代效应"角度解释了我国民营上市公司广泛隶属于金字塔结构的合理性。     

金字塔股权结构、终极股东控制与资本结构

本文以2005年我国270家民营上市公司为样本,对金字塔股权结构的“内部资本市场假说”和“终极股东利益侵占假说”进行了实证检验。结果发现,金字塔股权结构复杂性与上市公司全部非银行借款率、短期非银行借款率显著正相关,即金字塔股权结构越复杂,所形成的内部资本市场规模越大,上市公司越倾向选择非银行借款,这表明金字塔股权结构确实发挥了内部资本市场的融资作用;终极股东现金流权与总资产负债率、流动负债率显著负相关,这表明终极股东的现金流权越大,侵占其他股东利益的程度越低,避免了公司财务状况的恶化,相反,终极股东的现金流权越小,侵占其他股东利益的程度越高,从而引起公司财务状况恶化,资产负债率增加。     

金字塔持股结构与资本结构——基于中国上市企业面板数据的研究

本文利用我国上市家族企业2007-2009年面板数据检验了金字塔式持股结构与资本结构的关系。结果表明,家族企业终极控股股东构建不同类型的金字塔结构对上市公司资本结构产生不同的影响:相对于非分离的金字塔式持股结构,终极控股股东构建分离型金字塔式持股结构,使得上市公司更倾向选择较高的负债水平;相对于单链条金字塔式持股结构,终极控制人通过构建多链条金字塔式持股结构,使上市公司更倾向于从集团内部融入更多的资金;另外研究显示,两权分离程度与公司负债水平呈正相关关系;而金字塔结构越复杂,上市公司将从集团内部融入越多的资金。     

终极控制权、现金流量权与企业价值——基于隐性终极控制论的中国上市公司治理实证研究

在探寻上市公司“终极控制权”的基础上,分析具有隐性终极控制权的上市公司中的终极控制股东的控制权、现金流量权对公司绩效和价值的影响程度,进而度量隐性终极控制股东对于中小投资者利益的影响.实证结果表明我国上市公司普遍存在隐性终极控制股东,并通过金字塔结构等方式使其终极控制权与现金流量权产生偏离,且偏离幅度与上市公司的市场价值负相关,不同类型的终极控制股东控制的公司有显著差异.     

终极所有权结构对资本结构选择的影响——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文使用中国非金融上市公司截面数据,应用一系列OLS实证检验终极所有权结构对资本结构选择的影响。研究发现,终极所有权结构确实影响资本结构选择。具体而言:(1)现金流量权与债务水平正相关;(2)控制权与债务水平负相关;(3)控制权和现金流量权的分离度与债务水平负相关;(4)控制权超过现金流量权的公司具有显著低的债务水平;(5)终极控制股东是国有公司的债务水平显著低于终极控制股东是民营等非国有的公司;(6)董事会成员中终极控制股东派出的董事越多的公司具有相对多的债务水平。本文提供的经验证据支持这样的论点——在控制权超过现金流量权的情况下,终极控制股东会利用手中的控制权"掏空"上市公司,股权融资偏好和减少债务融资以摆脱对"隧道"行为约束的效应明显。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.