转型社会青少年犯罪成因剖析——以社会控制理论为视角

社会控制理论是当代犯罪社会学中最有影响力的理论工具,其为预防和遏制青少年犯罪作出了重要贡献。该理论在结合我国转型社会的现实国情基础上可为我国青少年犯罪的原因分析提供一种路径。本文以社会控制理论为核心,通过对犯罪青少年自身因素,国家公权力对青少年犯罪的引导、预防、处置之道,以及影响青少年犯罪的诸种社会环境情势等的深入剖析,发现当前我国青少年犯罪的原因主要是个体身心失衡、政府防控缺位和社会环境失序等因素。     

香港青少年犯罪与犯罪亚文化

近年来,青少年犯罪已成为全球性的问题,而且出现了一“低”一“高”的趋势,即犯罪青少年的年龄在降低,发案率则在提高。1989年,联合国在一份《青少年犯罪和待遇及社区参与国际讨论会的报告》中呼吁:“各地应当重视青少年犯罪问题。”香港,青少年犯罪的严重性也不例外。尽管香港政府在各区设立了惩教所、教养院,对犯罪青少年进行监管、惩罚;教会和社区福利机构也办了青少年辅     

谁之过?——青少年犯罪的社会因素透视

我国当前犯罪主体为青少年,青少年犯罪已经成为一个严重的社会问题,导致青少年犯罪的原因是多元的。本文着重就其中的社会因素作一粗浅透视。一、典型调查和众多个案表明:“家庭结构缺陷,家庭教育失误”是导致青少年犯罪的一大原因。据杭州、上海、北京市统计,在5,021名违法犯罪青少年中,由家庭的不利因素导致犯罪的,有1,274名,占25.2%,四起青少年犯罪案件中就有一起与家庭有关。据某工读学校对三年来入学的297名学生的家庭调查,其中因家庭溺爱而导致失足的学生竟占一半以上。在国外,由于家庭各方面原因所造成的青少年犯罪也占相当比例。据美国一个调查报告指出,他们国家青少年犯罪原因,与家庭有关系的占60—70%;苏联     

社会化视角下农村青少年辍学打工问题研究——以豫中X村个案为例

随着农村经济的发展和国家对农村义务教育的大力投入,贫困已经不再是农村青少年辍学的主要因素,但农村青少年辍学打工现象却越来越严重。青少年时期是个体社会化的重要阶段,农村各种社会化机构的变迁对农村青少年社会化的影响促发了其辍学打工的行为选择。     

引发青少年犯罪的四种家庭因素

青少年犯罪问题已成为严重的社会问题。对青少年犯罪原因的探讨,过去更多地归结于社会的、环境的因素。但笔者认为,家庭因素在青少年犯罪诸因素中起着非常重要的作用。家长教育方法不当、家庭残缺、家长的不良行为和家庭贫困,是导致青少年犯罪的几大诱因。     

论变态副文化对青少年犯罪的影响

目前,我国青少年犯罪率的上升业已成为全社会关注的一个重大社会问题。探寻和剖析滋生青少年犯罪的环境因素是有效地惩治青少年犯罪的根本措施之一。从社会学角度看,青少年所处的直接的社会文化环境和所选择的文化价值取向与青少年社会化的成败有着内在的相关性。其中,由变态副文化构成的文化氛围是导致青少年犯罪的直接诱源。所谓变态副文化,是指那些与社会提倡的主导性文化(包括人生观、价值观、伦理道德观、文学艺术样式、生活方式等)完全相背离的文化现象,这类文化现象是以反社会主导文化为基本特征的。     

“推拉理论”视野下的青少年犯罪问题及“增权”途径

在推拉理论视野下考察青少年犯罪现象并寻求增权途径是很有必要的。对青少年犯罪因素的推拉力的归纳总结有利于我们明确青少年犯罪的原因,而有效预防和矫治青少年犯罪的途径是通过增强其拉力即“增权”实现的。     

“推拉理论”视野下的青少年犯罪问题及“增权”途径

在推拉理论视野下考察青少年犯罪现象并寻求增权途径是很有必要的。对青少年犯罪因素的推拉力的归纳总结有利于我们明确青少年犯罪的原因,而有效预防和矫治青少年犯罪的途径是通过增强其拉力即"增权"实现的。     

青少年犯罪问题治理中社区矫正较之司法矫正的优势分析

在当前我国青少年犯罪问题的治理中,传统的司法矫正模式已不能完全适应社会发展的现状和趋势,而社区矫正针对青少年自身及其犯罪原因的特殊性,采用更为科学、更为人性化的矫正方式,能够对青少年犯罪问题发挥更为有效的治理功能,具有传统司法矫正模式不可比拟的优势。     

心理—社会模式下对我国青少年犯罪的思考

心理—社会模式是社会工作中的一种模式,将其运用于分析我国青少年犯罪这一社会问题具有理论指导意义。从心理—社会模式考察,则青少年自身的心理发展特征与其成长的社会环境的交叉影响是导致青少年犯罪的原因,并且心理—社会模式对于治疗和预防青少年犯罪具有借鉴价值。     

Influence of the Internet on the Socialization of Han and Mongolian Chinese Teenagers

基于对内蒙古两城市青少年的抽样调查,本文比较分析了网络对边远地区汉族和蒙族青少年社会化的影响程度。研究表明,青少年在普遍接触网络的情况下,社会化状况总体良好,网络对汉族、蒙族青少年社会化均有显著影响,但并无普遍的不良影响。研究显示蒙族青少年受到网络全球化的影响与汉族青少年社会化效果差异很小。从整体上看汉族和蒙族青少年都随着接触网络时间的延长,网络对其社会化影响将增大。青少年对网络的认识直接影响其在网上的表现;网上的表现直接影响网下现实生活中的表现;上网青少年在现实生活中又对其他人产生影响。     

源于身份的隔阂:人口多样性、社会信任与犯罪

本文以2014年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据为基础，构建了一个人口多样性指数，并将其与288个城市的数据相匹配，检验了人口多样性与犯罪率之间的关系。实证结果表明，人口多样性是导致城市犯罪率上升的原因之一，且这一发现是稳健的。作用机制检验结果表明，社会信任是一个重要的中介变量，即人口多样性通过削弱社会信任水平导致犯罪率的上升。进一步，从地区制度环境和民生支出水平两个角度展开的实证检验发现，产权保护越完善、民众对法庭越有信心，政府在公共教育和社会保障上的财政支出越高，人口多样性对犯罪率的影响越弱，说明良好的制度和较高的社会福利支出具有显著的犯罪治理效应。本文的发现为城市化进程中我国各级政府的犯罪治理政策选择提供了经验证据，有助于科学把握犯罪治理的着力点。     

大陆与台湾失踪儿童青少年协寻工作的比较分析

儿童青少年遭遇诱拐及逃家是中国大陆和台湾热议的社会现象和社会问题之一。笔者通过在台湾实习经历以及对大陆与台湾失踪儿童青少年协寻工作开展状况的深入了解,就两岸失踪儿童青少年协寻工作进行比较研究,提出借鉴台湾经验、提高大陆失踪儿童青少年协寻工作水平的建议。     

Social Antecedents of Medical Fraud and Over-Servicing: What Makes A Doctor Criminal?

Medical fraud and overservicing are estimated to cost the Australian community between $130 and $200 million per annum, a figure far greater than the national cost of burglary and almost the same as the total property loss from all conventional crime. An examination of the social antecedents of medical fraud and overservicing suggests that the predisposition of some doctors to engage in these practices occurs because of the following: (1) medical training and professional socialization that orientate student doctors away from altruistic health issues towards narrower self-interested professional concerns; (2) career expectations of a high pattern of material consumption that are often frustrated by an increasingly competitive medical market place; and (3) professional medical organizations that lobby for national health policies which reflect the mercenary self-interest of doctors rather than the health interest of the nation.     

The Impact of Church Activities and Socialization on African‐American Religious Commitment*

Objective. This article examines religious commitment (church involvement, private devotionalism, and religious salience) among African Americans as a function of being served by a religious congregation, perception of the historical role of the church in relation to the group, and religious and racial socialization. Methods. Drawing on traditional Christian expectations of the church, hypotheses are tested using the 1979–1980 National Survey of Black Americans. Three alternative models are tested that explicitly compare the effects of church activities with conventional socialization and demographic models of religious commitment. Results. The results show that the church's fulfillment of its normative roles of discipleship and ministry is profoundly important for understanding religiosity, even controlling for other conventional predictors. Conclusions. The analysis illustrates a central, and previously unaddressed, link between religious institutions and individual religiosity. The results have consequences for churches that might consider reprioritizing their activities in response to faith‐based initiatives because social‐service types of church activities influence religious commitment to a lesser degree than activities that emphasize spiritual growth.     

The New Social Policy in Britain

This paper starts from the proposition that approaches to crime and penal policy in contemporary Britain are of a piece with approaches to social policy across a number of fronts. "The New Social Policy" is examined in terms of "the stakeholder idea", its implications for how people are meant to behave, and the distance between this and socio-economic realities. The paper then explores various sectors of stakeholder social policy in their new order of importance—employment and training, education, health care, social care, housing, social security—before commenting on policies in respect of crime and crime prevention, in the light of the foregoing observations and with particular reference to the "lock-'em-up" tendency. The paper concludes that stakeholdership is no recipe for crime prevention.     

Social work supervision of young people

This paper summarizes findings on 50 teenagers supervised by local authority social services (work) departments. Interviews were held with social workers, young people and parents at the start of intervention and about a year later. Pre-tests and post-tests were also used to complement other statistical and qualitative data. After identifying the main reasons for the teenagers being on formal or informal supervision, the paper moves on to discuss the process, content and outcome of supervision as perceived by each of the three key actors. It also outlines what the young people and their parents found positive and helpful about supervision. Finally the paper demonstrates that forms of help and control need not be opposites and that social workers can help some very troubled teenagers. However, in order for services to have an impact, they have to be deployed as part of a package rather than as alternatives.     

论社会工作介入大学生社会化问题——以桂林市高校为例

大学生在社会化过程中出现了道德和价值观念模糊、心理素质不高、知识技能不扎实、人际交往和角色扮演能力不足、缺乏参与社会的目标和信心等问题。笔者试图用社会工作方法介入,如建立高校社会工作者队伍,在高校建立社会工作服务中心,加强大学社区和周边社区的建设以及把社会工作引入课堂教学等,以弥补高校学生工作的不足,推进大学生社会化进程。