社会性别意识下的农村流动妇女就业排斥研究

本文主要从社会性别意识的角度,结合目前农村女性外来务工者所受到的就业排斥现象,呈现对农村妇女就业进行排斥的主流性别意识,以及它如何使农村妇女对其进行内化而形成了自身的性别意识。重新审视现有的就业制度与主流性别意识之间的关系,关注农村流动妇女自身性别意识,有利于减轻并进一步消除农村流动妇女受到的就业排斥。     

略论社会流动与妇女就业——关于妇女就业的社会伦理学思考

妇女就业是一个综合性的社会问题,既受社会能否提供就业机会、就业选择自由和就业环境的制约,又受妇女自身的就业观念、就业能力的影响。为此,本文试图从社会伦理学的角度,探讨社会流动与妇女就业的关系,为在当前新形势下,改善妇女就业状况提供一点新的思路。一、社会流动对妇女就业的积极意义所谓社会流动,是指人们在社会生活中变更自己的居住地点、职业、社会地位等等。它通常包括两种流动:一是水平的社会流动,即指人们在社会地位不变的情况下变更了自己的居住地点或职业;二是垂直的社会流动。这是指在社会存在等级差别的条件下,人们的社会地位发生了变化,人们从较低的社会等级上升到较高的社会等级,或从较高的社会等级下降到较低的社会等级,可称之为向上的社会流动或向下的社会流动;即使社会上不存在等级差别,职务的高低之分也是客观存在的,人们从较低职务改换为较高职务或从较高职务改换为较低职务,也可以看成是一种垂直的社会流动。     

稳定就业 实现尊严

◎福利企业残疾人集中就业的功能定位 福利企业作为残疾人就业的重要途径之一,安排一定比例的残疾人参与劳动生产.福利企业与一般分散安排残疾人就业的社会企事业单位不同,其残疾人员所占比例较高,并已经作为特殊群体而存在.残疾人由于其原本的生理缺陷、功能缺失,成为一个面对特殊困难且需要获得外部支持的弱势群体.福利企业作为这一群体的就业载体,恰恰提供了这种外部支持.     

马克思主义和社会主义女性主义视角下的中国女性福利探讨

本文通过回顾马克思主义和社会主义女性主义两种理论文献,指出结合这两种理论的视角才能更好地解释和研究现时中国女性福利的问题。这是因为,即使中国妇女达到马克思主义女性主义所倡导的“高就业、高福利”的要求,但是实践上仍然存在职业间隔、福利脆弱、易受失业冲击等问题。所以需借用社会主义女性主义“父权制”的观点来看待,才能更深入地探究中国妇女现时碰到的关于福利方面的问题。     

现行女职工劳动保护de过度与不足

国务院1989年7月颁布了《女职工动保护规定》,上海市在早些时候也发布了类似的暂行规定,这对于女性健康和安全的特殊保护、对于计划生育国策的顺利推行具有重要作用。然而,实践证明这些法规也存在着保护幅度不当、保护措施不力的缺陷,其中较明显的是对妇女“四期”保护的过度及对妇女就业保护的不足。从“四期”保护来看,现行法规与五十年代的     

对外贸易与劳动就业:基于协整理论的实证分析

根据1985-2008年的统计数据,利用协整理论,对我国对外贸易与劳动就业的关系进行实证分析,结果表明:从长期来看,我国出口、进口和城镇登记就业人口之间存在唯一的协整关系,表明我国对外贸易与城镇就业之间存在长期的均衡关系,出口对城镇就业的拉动作用显著,而进口对城镇就业有抑制作用,并且出口对城镇就业的促进作用远大于进口对城镇就业的抑制作用.从短期来看,进口对城镇就业具有促进作用,而出口对城镇就业则产生负向冲击.研究结果还表明,进口与城镇就业增长之间仅存在单向的Granger因果关系.     

探究社会福利企业优惠政策沿革

社会福利企业优惠政策沿革 福利企业是为安置残疾人就业而兴办的具有社会福利性质的特殊企业，是残疾人集中就业的主要方式和有效载体，在我国残疾人劳动就业中具有非常重要的地位和作用。从社会福利企业的发展历程来看，政策扶持是福利企业发展的生命线，     

福利国家“社会投资转向”缓解了收入不平等吗？——基于18个经合组织福利国家的实证分析（1990—2017）

在现代化发展过程中,如何处理效率与公平是所有国家面临的共同课题。20世纪90年代以来,福利国家转向社会投资范式试图超越效率与公平的权衡。本文利用经合组织国家社会福利支出数据库（SOCX）和福利国家比较数据集（CWS）建构了涵盖18个经合组织福利国家1990年至2017年的面板数据,以福利支出指标和税后基尼系数为代理变量,检验了福利国家社会投资转向与收入不平等的关系,特别是福利体制对两者关系的调节效应。结果显示：在控制一系列变量的条件下,福利国家提高社会投资类政策支出比例有助于缓解收入不平等;在主效应的前提下,福利体制对两者的关系有一定的调节作用,其中保守主义福利体制强化了两者关系,而南欧和东亚福利体制削弱了两者关系。这表明福利体制对理解福利国家的社会投资转向改革以及缓解收入不平等仍有一定的理论和现实生命力。     

战后日本福利体制构建的政治逻辑

日本作为后发型资本主义国家,在20世纪60年代初期经济发展尚未达到推广普及性福利政策的条件下,岸信介内阁推动建成了基本的福利体制框架,实现了全民皆保险与皆年金制度。从福利体制构建的政治逻辑来看,岸信介内阁利用福利政策均衡国民经济收入,实现"安民"的同时进而"统民"来反作用于经济的发展。在战后民主政治的背景下,其以福祉体制的构建来顺应民意达成政权稳定的目的。最终巧妙地将"福利"与"防卫"进行捆绑,力图突破外在美国制约与内在反对声,对防卫力的发展进行"松绑"。可以说岸信介内阁有意识、有目的地顺应与引导福利发展最终朝着不仅是体制地建成,更是一种国家主义之下统合国民,实现政权稳定、计划经济的总动员以及国防重建的多重目的。     

福利企业在残疾人就业中的作用分析

残疾人是一个需要社会各界帮助的弱势群体,残疾人就业是一个非常值得关注的问题,但在我国整体就业形势不乐观的时代背景下,对残疾人就业的关注甚少。福利企业对残疾人就业具有重要作用,本文研究了我国残疾人就业的现状与问题,并探讨了福利企业对残疾人就业的特殊意义。     

Poverty, Welfare, and Patriarchy: How Macro-Level Changes in Social Policy Can Help Low-Income Women

A critical review of the current status of low-income women reveals how patriarchy, violence, and discrimination mitigates against their employment and contributes to their poverty. Myths that fuel prejudice against the poor have led to public policy and welfare legislation based on individualistic rather than structural assumptions about the causes of poverty. Research on the effects of welfare reform reinforces the conclusion that changes in social welfare and policy are necessary for income parity and improvement in the employment opportunities, access, and status of low-income women. A human-capital model and recommendations for macro-level changes in public policy and programming that address the systemic causes of women's poverty are presented.     

The Neighborhood Contexts in Which Low‐Income Families Navigate Welfare Reform: Evidence from the Three‐City Study*

Objectives. We investigate the neighborhood contexts in which low‐income families negotiate welfare reform. Methods. Using data from the Three‐City Study and U.S. Census, we follow 1,059 low‐income women from 1999 to 2005 tracking their neighborhood quality, employment, and welfare use. We evaluate whether improvements in residential contexts facilitate transitions to economic self‐sufficiency, but also test the reverse possibility. Results. Despite living in similar neighborhoods in 1999, women who left welfare experienced larger reductions in neighborhood disadvantage than women who remained on welfare. Likewise, women who left welfare with employment achieved larger increases in neighborhood quality than those who left welfare without work; the latter experiencing neighborhood change no different than those who stayed on welfare. Conclusions. Neighborhood conditions are, at minimum, associated with welfare outcomes. Findings suggest that neighborhood quality increases after women leave welfare, though we cannot reject the possibility that better neighborhoods lead to better welfare outcomes.     

Welfare programs and the state economy

Welfare policy has been controversial and support is often drawn along political affiliation lines, the economic return of investment in welfare programs is frequently cited as a justification for new and expanded policies. To investigate the direct and indirect effects of welfare programs on economic performance, the authors develop a multilink approach, through employment and investment. The relationship is then tested with data from each of the United States from 1976 to 2006. Findings show welfare programs have no direct effect on a state's economy. Indirectly, welfare has a negative effect through investment, though the effect on employment is minimal.     

The Italian Case: From Employment Regulation to Welfare Reforms?

This article on the Italian case is based on recent trends in labour market reform. We critically review the reform approach adopted in recent years, mainly centred on marginal legislative reforms in employment contracts. The diffusion of flexible labour contracts, especially among the younger generations and women, together with a welfare system still based on employment seniority and job characteristics, have reinforced the segmentation of the Italian labour market and social inequalities. The absence of a negotiating strategy in introducing reforms has also increased social conflict. These trends ask for a comprehensive reform of the welfare system and for active policies to support labour market transitions, a reform which is increasingly considered in the current political debate.     

Human Capital, Physical Health, and Mental Health of Welfare Recipients: Co-occurrence and Correlates

Drawing on a large random sample of welfare recipients in the post–welfare reform era, this article examines the prevalence of mental health disorders, substance dependence, and physical health or disability, their co-occurrence with human capital problems, and their relation to employment. Half of the participants have none of these potential barriers to employment. Mental health and human capital problems, when present, tend to occur in isolation about half the time. Women with co-occurring human-capital, mental-health, and physical-health problems have the poorest work outcomes. The findings suggest the need to design and implement more assessment, referrals, and service provision to support women in meeting the challenges in the transition from welfare to work.     

Failing the Transition from Welfare to Work: Women Chronically Disconnected from Employment and Cash Welfare*

Objectives. Although employment among welfare mothers increased substantially following the 1996 welfare reform, some former welfare recipients failed to find stable employment. We review the extent to which low‐income mothers are without work and cash welfare for long periods of time and seek to understand the correlates of becoming chronically disconnected. Methods. We analyze data from a 1997–2003 panel study of single mothers who received cash welfare in an urban county in Michigan in February 1997. We develop a new measure of the extent to which former recipients are “chronically disconnected” from both employment and cash welfare and estimate regression models of the correlates of this economic outcome. Results. About 9 percent of respondents became chronically disconnected, defined as being without employment and cash welfare during at least one‐quarter of the months during the 79‐month study period. Important correlates of becoming chronically disconnected include having a physical limitation, having a learning disability, using illegal drugs or meeting the diagnostic screening criteria for alcohol dependence, and having no car or driver license. The chronically disconnected are more likely to have lost a job than to have lost welfare benefits and are more economically disadvantaged than those with regular sources of economic support. Conclusions. To reduce the number of women who fail to make a successful transition from welfare to work, more attention should be given to programs and policies that attempt to reconnect disconnected women to regular sources of economic support.     

The economic consequences of the welfare state

What are the economic and employment consequences of larger social insurance programmes? Are larger welfare states diverting resources from economic activity and distorting the investment decisions of firms? I examine theoretical and empirical research on the economic consequences of the welfare state. This review shows that the predictions of a negative relationship between higher levels of social protection and growth have not been borne out in the data. Both insurance programmes and other policies that increase investment in human capital or the overall productivity of workers generate important economic externalities that outweigh the potentially distortionary effects of higher taxes. Empirical studies also fail to uncover a consistent negative relationship between larger welfare states and the level of employment. The employment consequences of the welfare state are mediated by existing institutions and policies—such as the level of centralization of the wage bargaining system—which affect the redistribution of the costs of higher taxes among workers and firms. As a result, the employment consequences of larger welfare states are non-linear.     

低保对象为何退保难?动态分析策略下的退保模式及其变迁趋势研究

本文基于民政部2014年“中国城乡困难家庭社会政策支持系统建设”调查的数据，运用事件史分析方法，对城市低保接受时长和退保影响因素进行探究。研究发现，低保对象的救助接受时间呈现明显的长期化特点，但随着低保接受时间的延长，低保对象退保风险会逐渐上升。这与“时间依赖论”关于长期化救助接受会逐渐弱化救助对象工作伦理，进而造成救助退出可能性逐步下降的理论预设恰好相反，说明中国城市低保对象退保难与工作积极性下降无关。进一步的研究发现，弱势化的低保人口构成及就业救助服务缺失是长期低保接受的重要原因。此外，中国的非正规就业结构也对退保构成显著的不利影响，不过，该影响随着时代的发展在不断减弱。     

Chinese Workfarism: Logics and Realities of the Work–Welfare Governance Model

Given the fundamental disparities between China and the west in political structures, social values, policy regimes, and problem loads, it is meaningful to use “workfare” as a challenging analytical standpoint and detect that China had created unique workfare regimes to build up the past state‐socialism and the present market‐socialism. In the era of state‐socialism, the dual‐track welfare system, apparently adopting an institutional approach to the city and a residual approach to the countryside, was purposely integrated with the segregated urban‐rural work system, constituting a China‐specific workfare regime in which the whole workforce was included and effectively organized into the socio‐economic order. Under market‐socialism that appears as an awkward hybrid, the work‐welfare governance model is being gradually transformed into a pragmatic, much marketized one, though without idealogical legitimacy as well as a clear‐cut vision. On the one hand, employment differentiation and income disparity resulted from a strategic shift from the “reform‐without‐losers” stage to the “reform‐with‐losers” stage in the labor market, together with a large scale rural‐to‐urban labor migration, are structuring a market‐oriented, stratified employment system. On the other hand, while being a welfare laggard, China's productivist, status‐segregated welfare system is taking shape owing to a set of welfare reforms along the line of marketization and societalization. All these changes would imply that China is converging towards a neo‐liberal regime in which the role of the state is residual to the market.