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1.
Child poverty has been widely discussed in Germany since the publication of the third official Poverty and Wealth Report of
the German government in 2008 which—inter alia—focused on the situation of children and families. However, child poverty is
not only caused by low household incomes and impacts of child poverty are not only restricted to financial consequences. The
capability approach takes into account this multidimensionality of well-being and poverty of children. It conceptualizes human
well-being as not only depending on financial means but also gives the same importance to the personal and social conversion
factors which determine how far financial means can be converted into personal well-being. Before 2008 the capability approach
had only been applied to the well-being of adults in Germany, but not specifically to the well-being of children. However,
there are several reasons why a capability analysis for children will differ from a capability analysis for adults. Adults’
capability sets comprise dimensions that are less relevant for small children while other valuable capabilities have to be
added. Furthermore the capability set depends to a large extent on the age of the child. The paper focuses on a multidimensional
poverty analysis in the capability perspective of 5–6 years old children. In the domains of “Education/Leisure”, “Health”,
“Social Participation” and “Income” child poverty is measured by predefined indicators. The relationship to the social and
personal conversion factors of the caretakers is then evaluated. Additionally, a multidimensional poverty measure is analyzed. 相似文献
2.
Does More Schooling Reduce Hospitalization and Delay Mortality? New Evidence Based on Danish Twins 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Behrman JR Kohler HP Jensen VM Pedersen D Petersen I Bingley P Christensen K 《Demography》2011,48(4):1347-1375
Schooling generally is positively associated with better health-related outcomes—for example, less hospitalization and later
mortality—but these associations do not measure whether schooling causes better health-related outcomes. Schooling may in
part be a proxy for unobserved endowments—including family background and genetics—that both are correlated with schooling
and have direct causal effects on these outcomes. This study addresses the schooling-health-gradient issue with twins methodology,
using rich data from the Danish Twin Registry linked to population-based registries to minimize random and systematic measurement
error biases. We find strong, significantly negative associations between schooling and hospitalization and mortality, but
generally no causal effects of schooling. 相似文献
3.
Research on coresidence between parents and their adult children in the United States has challenged the myth that elders are the primary beneficiaries, instead showing that intergenerationally extended households generally benefit the younger generation more than their parents. Nevertheless, the economic fortunes of those at the older and younger ends of the adult life course have shifted in the second half of the twentieth century, with increasing financial well-being among older adults and greater financial strain among younger adults. This article uses U.S. census and American Community Survey (ACS) data to examine the extent to which changes in generational financial well-being over the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have been reflected in the likelihood of coresidence and financial dependency in parent–adult child U.S. households between 1960 and 2010. We find that younger adults have become more financially dependent on their parents and that while older adults have become more financially independent of their adult children, they nevertheless coreside with their needy adult children. We also find that the effect of economic considerations in decisions about coresidence became increasingly salient for younger adults, but decreasingly so for older adults. 相似文献
4.
Within a relatively short period of 30 years, public acceptance of voluntary childlessness has increased enormously in the
Netherlands. In this paper, we address two research questions, which we answer with data from 13 waves of the repeated cross-sectional
survey Cultural Change in the Netherlands (CCN, 1965–1996). First, we investigate to what extent the increasing permissiveness
is due to cohort replacement and to intra-cohort change. We find that between 1965 and 1980 the change is primarily due to
intra-cohort (period) effects, whereas cohort replacement has become more important since 1980. Second, we address the question
which social categories constitute the 10% of the population who do not accept voluntary childlessness. Church attendance—and
not religiosity or religious socialization—turns out to be the most important factor. Low levels of income and education also
negatively affect the acceptance of voluntary childless. 相似文献
5.
This article examines the ways in which mixed-nativity marriage is related to spatial assimilation in metropolitan areas of
the United States. Specifically, we examine the residential patterns of households with a mixed-nativity—and, in some cases,
interracial—marriage to determine whether they are less segregated from the native-born than entirely foreign-born households.
Using restricted-use data from the 2000 census, we find that compared with couples in which both spouses are foreign-born,
mixed-nativity couples tend to be less segregated from various native-born racial and ethnic groups. Further, among both foreign-born
Asians and Hispanics, those with a native-born non-Hispanic white spouse are considerably less segregated from native-born
white households than from other foreign-born Asian and Hispanic households. We also find that even though nativity status
matters for black couples in a manner consistent with assimilation theory, foreign-born and mixed-nativity black households
still each display very high levels of segregation from all other native-born racial/ethnic groups, reaffirming the power
of race in determining residential patterns. Overall, our findings provide moderate support for spatial assimilation theory
and suggest that cross-nativity marriages often facilitate the residential integration of the foreign-born. 相似文献
6.
We use data from the monthly Current Population Survey to examine the short- and longer-term effects of Hurricane Katrina
on the labor market outcomes of prime-age individuals in the most affected states—Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi—
and for evacuees in any state. We focus on rates of labor force participation, employment, and unemployment, and we extend
prior research by also examining rates of self-employment. With the exception of Mississippi, employment and unemployment
one year after the hurricane were at similar rates as the end of 2003. This aggregate pattern of labor market shock and recovery
has been observed for other disasters but masks important differences among subgroups. Those evacuated from their residences,
even temporarily, were a harder-hit group, and evacuees who had yet to return to their pre-Katrina state up to one year later
were hit especially hard; these findings hold even after controlling for differences in observable characteristics. We also
find evidence of an important role for self-employment as part of post-disaster labor market recovery, especially for evacuees
who did not return. This may result from poor job prospects in the wage and salary sector or new opportunities for starting
businesses in the wake of Katrina. 相似文献
7.
This applied demography case study illustrates the practical application of demographic concepts and methods to an issue facing
the court. We show how census data can be used to support a legal motion for a change of venue. “Change of venue,” the legal
term for moving a trial to a new location, usually is sought to avoid prejudice against one of the parties to a lawsuit. The
case study will interest demographic practitioners, and it can be used as an instructional case in teaching applied demography:
students can replicate it using data for any particular pair of populous metropolitan communities. By doing so, students would
gain proficiency working with Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) household records—and the person records within household
records—to identify and categorize family and nonfamily relationships among household members, and practical experience translating
legal issues into questions that can be answered empirically using American Community Survey (ACS) data. 相似文献
8.
Social Networks and Support,Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Among Older Adults
Using data from the 2001 NHIS and the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 NHANES, we examine how self-reporting a previous diagnosis of
hypertension among adults aged 65+ differs by race/ethnicity for men and women; we explore the extent to which disparities
are driven by group differences in social risk factors, particularly social support and integration; and last, whether these
relationships mimic patterns seen for measured hypertension at interview. Findings indicate that rates of ever-diagnosed hypertension
in both samples are highest among black seniors and older women and lowest among Mexican-American men, with the gender gap
lowest among whites and substantially higher among blacks and Mexican-Americans. However, replication analyses of NHANES models
using measured hypertension, instead of a self-report of having ever been diagnosed with hypertension, suggests that reporting
bias and measurement error contribute to observed disparities, as racial/ethnic differences in hypertension rates are smaller
when measured hypertension is examined, especially among women. Logistic regression models also show that while adjusting
for group differences in measures of support and integration mediates some of the disparity in measured hypertension between
Mexican-American and white seniors, adjusting for support and integration amplifies black-white disparities in both ever diagnosed
and measured hypertension—driven primarily by adjustment for attendance at religious services, which reduces hypertension
risk for all older adults but is more commonly reported among black seniors, especially women. 相似文献
9.
The collection of demographic data in developing and, increasingly, developed countries often requires the translation of
a survey instrument. This article addresses the implications for data and analysis of two of the most common modes of translation.
The first, the officially sanctioned—though not empirically verified—method, involves the pre-fieldwork production of a standardized
translation of the template questionnaire into all or most languages in which interviews are expected to be conducted. The
second, rarely acknowledged in the literature but quite common in the field, occurs where there is a mismatch between the
language of the questionnaire available to the interviewer and the language in which the actual interview is conducted. In
this case, it is up to the interviewer to translate from the language of the questionnaire to the language of the interview.
Using the 1998 Kenya DHS, in which 23% of interviews were translated in this non-standardized manner, we explore the effects
of the two translation modes on three indicators of measurement error and on estimated multivariate relations. In general
we find that the effects of non-standardized translation on univariate statistics—including higher-order variance structures—are
rather moderate. The effects become magnified, however, when multivariate analysis is used. This suggests that the advantages
of—and also costs associated with—standardized translation depend on the ultimate purposes of data collection.
相似文献
Alexander A. WeinrebEmail: |
10.
In this paper we examine whether individualization and informalization processes have occurred in the field of leisure in
The Netherlands, by analyzing the social context of a wide range of activities between 1975 and 2005. We find that the choice
of a particular leisure context is dependent on education, gender, year of birth, age and time pressure. We find evidence
for informalization, but—contrary to popular belief—not for individualization. The informalization trend follows a pattern
of cohort replacement, and is also caused by a rise in the average education level in the population. Our findings imply that
research on civil society, community and social capital should not only be concerned with membership rates, but also with
participation in alternative social contexts. 相似文献
11.
We assess how the support parents provide to young adults as they leave school and begin working is related to their family’s socioeconomic circumstances. We do this using an innovative Australian data set which merges survey and administrative data. The survey data inform us about intergenerational co-residence and financial gifts and the administrative data about the family’s welfare receipt history. We find that disadvantaged young people are more likely to be economically independent of their parents than are their more advantaged peers. This disparity is larger for financial gifts than for co-residence and increases with age. Moreover, there is a complex relationship between parental support and participation in study and work. We find no evidence, however, that a lack of parental support is the source of the socioeconomic gradient in either studying or employment. These results are important in eliminating one potential pathway through which socioeconomic disadvantage limits young people’s outcomes. 相似文献
12.
Family structure and children's achievements 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
In this paper we estimate the relationships between several outcomes in early adulthood (educational attainment, economic
inactivity, early childbearing, distress and smoking) and experience of life in a single-parent family during childhood. The
analysis is performed using a special sample of young adults, who are selected from the first five waves of the British Household
Panel Survey (1991–95) and can be matched with at least one sibling over the same period. We also perform level (logit) estimation
using another sample of young adults from the BHPS. We find that: (i) experience of life in a single-parent family is usually
associated with disadvantageous outcomes for young adults; (ii) most of the unfavourable outcomes are linked to an early family
disruption, when the child was aged 0–5; and (iii) level estimates, whose causal interpretation relies on stronger assumptions,
confirm the previous results and show that, for most outcomes, the adverse family structure effect persists even after controlling
for the economic conditions of the family of origin.
Received: 24 August 1998/Accepted: 21 January 2000 相似文献
13.
Most survey data on sexual activities are obtained via face-to-face interviews, which are prone to misreporting of socially
unacceptable behaviors. Demographers have developed various private response methods to minimize social desirability bias
and improve the quality of reporting; however, these methods often limit the complexity of information collected. We designed
a life history calendar—the Relationship History Calendar (RHC)—to increase the scope of data collected on sexual relationships
and behavior while enhancing their quality. The RHC records detailed, 10-year retrospective information on sexual relationship
histories. The structure and interview procedure draw on qualitative techniques, which could reduce social desirability bias.
We compare the quality of data collected with the RHC with a standard face-to-face survey instrument through a field experiment
conducted among 1,275 youth in Kisumu, Kenya. The results suggest that the RHC reduces social desirability bias and improves
reporting on multiple measures, including higher rates of abstinence among males and multiple recent sexual partnerships among
females. The RHC fosters higher levels of rapport and respondent enjoyment, which appear to be the mechanisms through which
social desirability bias is minimized. The RHC is an excellent alternative to private response methods and could potentially
be adapted for large-scale surveys. 相似文献
14.
We document the incidence and evolution of family complexity from the perspective of children. Following a cohort of firstborn
children whose mothers were not married at the time of their birth, we consider family structure changes over the first 10 years
of the child’s life—considering both full and half-siblings who are coresidential or who live in another household. We rely
on detailed longitudinal administrative data from Wisconsin that include information on the timing of subsequent births to
the mother and father, and detailed information on earnings, child support, and welfare. We find that 60% of firstborn children
of unmarried mothers have at least one half-sibling by age 10. Our results highlight the importance of having fertility information
for both fathers and mothers: estimates of the proportion of children with half-siblings would be qualitatively lower if we
had fertility information on only one parent. Complex family structures are more likely for children of parents who are younger
or who have low earnings and for those in larger urban areas. Children who have half-siblings on their mother’s side are also
more likely to have half-siblings on their father’s side, and vice versa, contributing to very complex family structures—and
potential child support arrangements—for some children. 相似文献
15.
This paper addresses a key methodological challenge in the modeling of individual poverty dynamics—the influence of measurement
error. Taking the US and Britain as case studies and building on recent research that uses latent Markov models to reduce
bias, we examine how measurement error can affect a range of important poverty estimates. Our data are taken from the British
Household Panel Survey and the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, for working-aged adults over the period 1993–2003. For both
national samples we ask how common vulnerability to poverty was over the period in question, what the entry and exit probabilities
were for the group likely to transition into or out of poverty, and how effective redistributive programs were at protecting
those most at risk. Crucially, in answering these questions we estimate and remove the effects of error in the measurement
of poverty status. Throughout, we compare our results with estimates that do not take this error into account, and assess
the implications for understanding poverty dynamics both within and between the two countries. Our modeling strategy extends
previous research in several respects, enabling us to make stronger statements about measurement error and individual poverty
dynamics. We find that correcting for error affects conclusions in important ways: Poverty is less temporary and risks are
less widely dispersed than otherwise assumed, while cross-national differences are more pronounced. 相似文献
16.
Wendy D. Manning Peggy C. Giordano Monica A. Longmore Christine M. Flanigan 《Population research and policy review》2012,31(2):165-185
Young adult involvement in sexual behavior typically occurs within a relationship context, but we know little about the ways
in which specific features of romantic relationships influence sexual decision-making. Prior work on sexual risk taking focuses
attention on health issues rather than relationship dynamics. We draw on data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study
(n = 475) to examine the association between qualities and dynamics of current/most recent romantic relationships such as communication
and emotional processes, conflict, demographic asymmetries, and duration and the management of sexual risk. We conceptualize
‘risk management’ as encompassing multiple domains, including (1) questioning the partner about previous sexual behaviors/risks,
(2) using condoms consistently, and (3) maintaining sexual exclusivity within the relationship. We identify distinct patterns
of risk management among dating young adults and find that specific qualities and dynamics of these relationships are linked
to variations in risk management. Results from this paper suggest the need to consider relational dynamics in efforts to target
and influence young adult sexual risk-taking and reduce STIs, including HIV. 相似文献
17.
We study the effect of the second Intifada—a violent conflict between Israel and its Palestinian neighbors which erupted in
September 2000—and the ensuing demonstrations of Arab citizens of Israel on labor market outcomes of Arabs relative to those
of Jewish Israelis. The analysis relies on a large matched employer–employee dataset, focusing on firms that in the pre-Intifada
period hired both Arabs and Jews. We find that until September 2000 Arab workers had a lower rate of job separation than their
Jewish peers and that this differential was significantly reduced after the outbreak of the Intifada. 相似文献
18.
Using data from the 2004 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, this paper investigates older workers’ perceptions
of job security in eleven countries. We describe cross-national patterns and estimate multilevel models to analyse individual
and societal determinants of self-perceived job security in the older labour force. While there are considerable cross-country
variations around a median value of 23% of workers aged 50 or older ranking their job security as poor, none of our suggested
macro-level explanatory variables—employment rate, employment protection legislation, mean level of general social trust,
and proportion disapproving of working beyond age 70—bears statistically significant associations with individuals’ job security.
We find some indication, however, that the various societal factors considered here might contribute jointly to explaining
the observed cross-national variation. Future research should aim at identifying statistically more powerful indicators of
the supposed multilevel relationship between social context and older workers’ perceptions of job security. Moreover, supplementary
findings indicate that further attention should be paid to the gender dimension of job insecurity. 相似文献
19.
We explore matched employer–employee data for a new destination of international migrants in Europe—Portugal. We conclude
that the difference between the earnings of immigrants and natives with similar personal characteristics is for the most part
due to the characteristics of the matches they form, immigrants being penalized on two different counts: absence of match-specific
human capital and occupational downgrading. Moreover, we show that non-random sorting across workplaces has a significant
detrimental effect on immigrants’ wages. This is the flip side of joining migrant-crowded workplaces. 相似文献
20.
Giorgio Brunello 《Journal of population economics》2010,23(1):273-290
I use the cross-country and time variation in the demographic structure of 11 European countries to study how changes in cohort
size affect real earnings in Europe. I find that cohort size has a negative and statistically significant effect on earnings,
and that this effect is larger for the older age group—aged between 35 and 54—than for the younger group—aged 20 to 34. I
also find that earnings are more sensible to changes in cohort size in Southern Europe, which points to a lower degree of
substitutability between individuals with the same education but different age. I argue that the uncovered lower substitutability
in the Olive Belt of Europe is in line with the higher employment protection that its workers enjoy, at least compared to
the workers located in Northern Europe. 相似文献