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1.
We explore Halloween as a uniquely constructive space for engaging racial concepts and identities, particularly through ritual
costuming. Data were collected using 663 participant observation journals from college students across the U.S. During Halloween,
many individuals actively engage the racial other in costuming across racial/ethnic lines. Although some recognize the significance
of racial stereotyping in costuming, it is often dismissed as being part of the holiday's social context. We explore the costumes
worn, as well as responses to cross-racial costuming, analyzing how “playing” with racialized concepts and making light of
them in the “safe” context of Halloween allows students to trivialize and reproduce racial stereotypes while supporting the
racial hierarchy. We argue that unlike traditional “rituals of rebellion,” wherein subjugated groups temporarily assume powerful
roles, whites contemporarily engage Halloween as a sort of “ritual of rebellion” in response to the seemingly restrictive
social context of the post-Civil Rights era, and in a way that ultimately reinforces white dominance.
相似文献
Leslie Houts PiccaEmail: |
2.
Blinn-Pike L Worthy SL Jonkman JN 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(2):175-183
The purpose of this study was to use a meta-analytic procedure to synthesize the rates of disordered gambling for college
students that have been reported in the research literature. In order to identify all possible studies that met stringent
inclusion criteria, Medline, PsychINFO, and SocioIndex databases were searched with the terms “gambling,” and “college student”.
This process resulted in 15 studies concerning gambling among college students that were published through July 2005. To synthesize
the 15 studies, a random effects model for meta-analysis was applied. The estimated proportion of disordered gamblers among
college students was 7.89%. This estimate is noteworthy because it is higher than that reported for adolescents, college students
or adults in a previous study using meta-analytic procedures with studies conducted prior to 1997. 相似文献
3.
Deirdre M. Kelly 《The American Sociologist》1993,24(1):8-26
Conditions that foster and hinder participatory research are examined, using examples from one such research project aimed
at dropout reduction undertaken with students in a “last chance” high school. Student researchers sometimes used racial, gender,
and social class differences to gain power and display undemocratic behavior within the group. Dilemmas arose as small-scale
actions were implemented that seemed to threaten the power and authority of teachers and administrators both within the alternative
school and the traditional high schools that fed into it. The limits to extending democracy to students through research are
identified, drawing upon recent theoretical work on feminist pedagogy and participatory research. The conclusion is that youths
need to be taken seriously as knowers and potential agents of change and that adults who want to work with adolescent researchers
need to model democratic teaching and leadership. 相似文献
4.
Terry Nichols Clark 《The American Sociologist》2003,34(1-2):17-32
This paper reviews debate in the 1990s over whether, why, and how much class is declining in its impact on politics. One position
is the “null hypothesis” of many at Berkeley and Oxford: the impact of class has not changed. The other position is that “post-industrial
society” is transforming politics and redefining class. To focus, the paper does not seek to inventory themes in abstract,
but stresses core points made by actual proponents in the exchange. Over the decade many issues were resolved; others were
not. Social inequality persists, and inequality of income has risen; but the motor of politics is less clearly jobs. Consumption
and other post-industrial concerns have entered and transformed politics in many countries worldwide. How political parties
have changed their appeals away from “class” is a key issue, as is the drop by about half in the size of the traditional working
class in most Western countries since 1945. From this exchange lessons emerge for conceptualizing and measuring these dynamics
in the future.
He has taught at Columbia, Harvard, Yale, the Sorbonne, UCLA, and the University of Florence. 相似文献
5.
In his Presidential Address to the European Economic Association, Tony Atkinson introduced the idea of a “charitable conservatism”
position in public policy, which “exhibits a degree of concern for the poor, but this is the limit of the redistributional
concern and there is indifference with respect to transfers above the poverty line.” This contrasts with the perspective of
poverty indices, which give zero weight to those above the poverty line, which we call “poverty radicalism,” and with standard
“inequality aversion” where the weights decline smoothly as we move up the income scale. The object of this paper is, first,
to clarify the interrelationships between charitable conservatism, poverty radicalism and inequality aversion. We do this
by showing how the patterns of welfare weights to which each of these gives rise are related to each other. Secondly, we are
concerned to demonstrate the implications of these different views for optimal income taxation. In terms of levels and patterns
of marginal tax rates, we show that charitable conservatism and poverty radicalism are on a continuum, and by choice of low
or high inequality aversion one can approximate either outcome fairly well. 相似文献
6.
Patrick D. Nolan 《The American Sociologist》2003,34(3):107-116
Advocacy and interest groups routinely make fantastic and shocking claims in an effort to motivate the public to respond to
what these groups perceive to be important but neglected social problems and/or incipient “crises.” When closer scrutiny impeaches
these claims, these groups lose a measure of credibility, and the general public grows increasingly cynical of them and of
the social sciences whose data and research presumably support the claim. Similar temptations and dangers may face sociology.
I raise the possibility that the teaching of discredited findings and discoveries and the use of gimmicks that challenge conventional
wisdom and common sense may turn our students off and trigger the same distrust and cynicism engendered by advocacy groups.
Ironically, giving in to the temptation to shock and surprise rather than to inform and enlighten may foreclose the very real
opportunities that exist for engaging our students and the public in the enterprise of sociology.
He has been teaching introductory sociology for nearly thirty years, has published a number of articles on macrosociology
and ecological-evolutionary theory, and is coauthor of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth editions of Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.
I thank Sang-moon Kim for his help in assembling and analyzing the introductory texts, and Paul Nisbet for his help in reviewing
recent research on religion and suicide. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the session, “Philosophical
Foundations of Sociological Knowledge and Applied Sociology,” Joseph Gittler, organizer and présider, at the Annual Southern
Sociological Society Meetings in 1995, in Atlanta, G A. 相似文献
7.
Nancy A. Naples 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):83-106
This article draws upon findings from an ethnographic study of two towns in rural Iowa to examine the adequacy of the insider/outsider
distinction as a guideline for evaluating and conducting ethnographic research. Utilizing feminist standpoint and materialist
feminist theories, I start with the assumption that, rather than one “insider” or “outsider” position, we all begin our work
with different relationships to shifting aspects of social life and to particular knowers in the community and this contributes
to numerous dimensions through which we can relate to residents in various communities. “Outsiderness” and “insiderness” are
not fixed or static positions, rather they are ever-shifting and permeable social locations illustrated in this case study
by the “outsider phenomenon.” Community processes that reorganize and resituate race-ethnicity, gender and class relations
form some of the most salient aspects of the “outsider phenomenon.” These dynamic processes shaped our relationships with
residents as ethnographic identities were repositioned by shifts in constructions of “community” that accompanied ongoing
social, demographic, and political changes. 相似文献
8.
This article examines surveillance techniques utilized by several metropolitan community colleges to manage part-time faculty.
We find that with the increased use of part-time faculty, administrators at these organizations are relying less on direct,
personal supervision of these instructors and are instead using more “remote” surveillance practices to certify that “acceptable
educational standards” are being maintained. The use of these practices not only signals a decline in the professional status
of college instructors, but also points to differences in social control techniques used in “productive” institutions versus
those used in “disciplinary” institutions. We find that while surveillance techniques employed at these community colleges
make the education process visible and controllable, they simultaneously render part-time faculty invisible but controlled. 相似文献
9.
Serge-Christophe Kolm 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(3):329-352
Deriving comparisons and measures of inequality from full ethical foundations was a main innovation of the 1960s and pursuing
it is still a most fruitful direction. This implies using “equal equivalents” and some principles particularly rich in meanings.
Multidimensional inequalities can be measured and compared thanks to the “equal-equivalent manifolds”. The “equal-equivalent
utility function” defines individual “welfare” cleaned of differences in sui generis individual tastes and hedonic capacities deemed irrelevant for “macrojustice”. Then, equal allocation is a deeper end-value
than equal welfare but has to be complemented by free choice for freedom, Pareto efficiency and a demanded partial self-ownership.
The result is the richly multi-meaning “equal-labour income equalization”. 相似文献
10.
Inequality of opportunity in Italy 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this paper we provide a methodology to measure opportunity inequality and to decompose overall income inequality in an
“ethically offensive” and an “ethically acceptable” part. Moreover, we analyze inequality of opportunity in Italy. According
to our results, inequality of opportunity accounts for about 20% of overall income inequality in Italy. Moreover, the regions
in the South are characterized by a higher degree of opportunity inequality than the regions in the North, especially when
considering population subgroups by gender. 相似文献
11.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
12.
Norma Williams 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(4):340-346
I attempt to show how my ideas about bureaucracy and Mexican American culture are a product of my life history and how I worked
out key features of these ideas in teaching sociology at a small university. This was made possible because strategic sponsors
helped me as an “outsider” to become a kind of “insider” within that social milieu.
Her fields of interest are bureaucracy, family, social psychology and race and ethnic relations. She is currently writing
a monograph on Mexican American family life. 相似文献
13.
Margarethe Kusenbach 《Qualitative sociology》2009,32(4):399-428
This paper is based on 45 ethnographic interviews conducted with residents of mobile home communities in West Central Florida
between 2005 and 2008. It investigates their strategies of managing the stigma that is commonly associated with living in
a mobile home. Informants routinely encounter negative stereotypes regarding their “trailer” home, community, and lifestyle
in public discourse and personal interactions, and consequently have developed ways of salvaging their decency. My analysis
of these strategies particularly emphasizes two versions of distancing, here called “bordering” and “fencing,” as examples
of symbolic boundary work. Other techniques discussed include ignoring, passing, humoring, resisting, normalizing, upstaging,
and blaming. Throughout the paper, I argue that mobile home residents’ ways of salvaging decency are both similar and different
compared to how other disparaged groups deal with stigmatization. The conclusion discusses broader sociological implications
of the research in enhancing our understanding of the experience of stigmatization, folk conceptions of decency, symbolic
and social differentiation, as well as race and class dynamics. 相似文献
14.
Many sociologists have suggested that the dominant paradigm in sociology ignores the environment, which accounts for the fact
that environmental sociology is poorly represented in sociology’s mainstream journals. The purpose of this article is to test
this assumption empirically by examining the coverage of environmental sociology in nine mainstream sociology journals from
1969 through 1994. The nine journals are separated into two tiers, representing higher and lower prestige journals. Each environmental
article is categorized by its area (attitudes and behaviors, environmental movement, political economy, risk, and “new human
ecology”) and whether it involves “sociology of the environmental issues” (the application of standard sociological perspectives
to environmental issues) or “core environmental sociology” (the examination of societal-environmental relationships). We find
that less than two percent of all articles published in the sampled journals in the twenty-five-year period of study were
environmental, and that the higher tier journals were less likely to publish environmental articles than were the lower tier
journals. Environmental articles were more likely to be part of “core environmental sociology” after 1981 than they were “sociology
of the environmental issues,” which suggests a greater recognition among both environmental sociologists and journal reviewers
that human societies are ecosystem-dependent. The number of environmental articles increased in the 1990s, portending a fruitful
period for sociologists specializing on the environment. We argue that the broader field of sociology can benefit by recognizing
the linkages environmental sociology has to other sociological specializations and that, ultimately, sociology needs to be
able to address environmental variables in order to understand society.
Naomi T. Krogman’s primary interest is in stakeholder framing of environmental disputes and natural resource policy change.
She is currently a research sociologist at the Center for Socioeconomic Research at the University of Southwestern Louisiana
and adjunct faculty in the Department of Sociology, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504-0198.
JoAnne DeRouen Darlington is a research sociologist focusing on social change and community sustainability emerging from the
disastrous interactions between society and the environment. She is currently employed with the Natural Hazards Research Center,
Campus Box 482, Boulder, CO 80309. 相似文献
15.
Natalie Boero 《Qualitative sociology》2007,30(1):41-60
In the last twenty years scientific, medical, and public health interest in obesity has skyrocketed. Increasingly the term
“epidemic” is being used in the media, medical journals, and public health policy literature to describe the current prevalence
of fatness in the U.S. Using social scientific literature on epidemics, social problems, and feminist theories of the body,
this paper traces the historical emergence of the “obesity epidemic” through an analysis of 751 articles on obesity published
in The New York Times between 1990 and 2001. Through the identification and analysis of three discursive pairings I argue that the “obesity epidemic”
is a part of a new breed of what I call “post-modern epidemics,” epidemics in which unevenly medicalized phenomena lacking
a clear pathological basis get cast in the language and moral panic of “traditional” epidemics. I show how this moral panic
together with the location of the problem within the individual precludes a more macro level approach to health and health
care delivery at a time when health care services are being dismantled or severely cut back.
相似文献
Natalie BoeroEmail: |
16.
Patrick Bond 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2006,17(4):357-369
This paper considers three different conceptualizations – three politico-ideological perspectives within civil society – on global-scale economics and geopolitics. The standpoints can be termed “Global justice movements,” “Third World nationalism,” and the “Post-Washington Consensus.” These three perspectives stand in contrast to the fusion of neoliberal economics and neoconservative politics that dominates the contemporary world. The three approaches sometimes converge, but more often than not they are in conflict; as are the civil society institutions that cohere to the three different political ideologies. From the three different analyses flow different strategies, concrete campaigning tactics, and varying choices of allies. The World Social Forum provides hints of a potentially unifying approach within the global justice movements based upon the practical themes of “decommodification” and “deglobalization” (of capital). It is, however, only by facing up to the ideological divergences that the global justice movement can enhance its presence.
相似文献
Patrick Bond (Director)Email: |
17.
Three explanations have been advanced to account for the generalized action potential of contemporary protest movements: the
rise of the new class, a set of general social trends that cumulatively lead to liberalized social values and loosened social
restraints against protest, and the mobilization of excluded groups. Analyzing three dimensions of generalized action potential—protest
potential, political action repertoires, and protest movement support—we find support for all three explanations. Educated
salaried professionals, especially sociocultural and public sector professionals, display greater protest potential, especially
for civil disobedience, and are supportive of emerging “middle class” movements. A set of general social trends centering
on increased education, life-cycle and generational change, secularism, and increased women's autonomy also create greater
action potential. Reflecting mobilization against political exclusion, African Americans display a consistently strong generalized
action potential. These protests reflect the rise of new political repertoires, particularly “protest activism,” which combines
protest with high levels of conventional participation and is centered among the more educated. 相似文献
18.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
19.
Francesca M. Cancian 《The American Sociologist》1993,24(1):92-106
The article compares participatory research and alternative activist approaches, based on the literature on participatory
research and interviews with nine successful sociologists who use alternative approaches. Participatory research, distinguished
by high control over research by community members, equalizes power within the research process, but often retards academic
publication and career advancement. The interviews show that successful academics retain control over their research, experience
mild to severe conflicts with departments, and develop various strategies for combining activism and career success. All types
of activist research are more effective in challenging inequality if they involve activist community organizations.
Her research has focused on family, gender, and feminist and participatory methods. Recent publications includeLove in America, “Feminist Science,” and “Participatory Research” with Cathleen Armstead. Her current participatory research project explores
“Family and Community Caring” in a Mexican-American community. Address for correspondence: Francesca M. Cancian, University
of CA, Dept. of Sociology, Irvine, CA 92717. 相似文献
20.
Michael G. Weinstein 《Qualitative sociology》1979,2(1):73-84
Based on the author's case study of and experience teaching in an experimental general education college which was later closed
by administrators, this article addresses the question of the meaning of the discipline of sociology in a general education
curriculum. The author, reflecting upon insights gained through his participant observation in the experimental college, proposes
that all sociologists look to the new sociology of knowledge and its reflexive methodology to help in the presentation of
sociology as a humanistic discipline contributing to general education.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Pacific Sociological Association meetings, San Diego, California, March
1976. An even earlier draft was presented to a “Sociology Colloquium and Pot-Luck Dinner,” at the University of Hawaii, May
1975. I would like to thank the students who also presented reports at the colloquium: Branden Johnson, Vivien Lee, and Eric
Yamamoto; and the colleagues who made helpful suggestions and warnings: David Chandler, Libby O. Ruch, Edmund Volkart, and
Eldon Wegner. 相似文献