计划生育法制建设与生殖健康——兼论生殖健康理念的国际比较

我国的婚育制度为计划生育与生殖健康建立了良好的发展环境,我国相关法律规范中体现了《国际人口与发展大会》对生殖健康的要求,为生殖健康事业的发展提供了有力的法律保障和广阔的发展空间。     

世界人口发展健康指数构建研究

本研究构建了世界人口发展健康指数,并对包括中国在内的46个国家(地区)的人口发展健康状况进行了排名。人口发展健康指数不仅直观地反映和比较了各国(地区)人口发展健康度现状,还可以对人口发展健康状况进行预警,从而可以作为各个国家(地区)制定人口相关政策的重要参考。     

提高农村人口健康素质 促进社会主义新农村建设

新农村建设是当前国家社会经济发展的重要战略举措。本文采用人口和卫生统计资料,通过比较城乡人口的健康和医疗卫生条件差异,分析了农村居民在健康、医疗卫生条件、生活环境的现状和面临的问题,探讨了新农村建设为提高农村人口健康素质的作用,提出了对提高农村人口健康素质的思考和认识。     

Body Mass Index, Perceived Health, and Happiness: Their Determinants and Structural Relationships

The structural relationships between body mass index, perceived health and happiness have been studied in a survey of 700 native Dutch citizens. We found an indirect effect of body mass index on happiness, via perceived health. Age had an inverted U-shaped relationship with body mass index, and both education and smoking had a negative effect on body mass index. Being married, doing paid work, owning a house, and doing sports had positive effects on perceived health, suggesting that living a regular life may lead to a better perceived health. Being married positively affected happiness. The other socio-demographic variables either had no effects on happiness or indirect effects via body mass index and perceived health.     

政府支出对医疗服务健康公平影响的比较和启示

医疗服务公平和人民的健康是各国卫生系统向其国家居民提供医疗服务所应实现的两个重要目标。但以英美日为例的发达国家根据世界卫生统计年鉴中的医疗服务公平性排名确有明显差距,因此,高收入和高政府医疗卫生支出与医疗卫生服务公平和健康公平性并没有必然关系。本文通过比较分析美日英国的政府间医疗卫生支出责任划分的结构发现高政府医疗卫生支出比例是提高医疗服务筹资公平性的前提,中央承担社会医疗保险责任是实现医疗服务筹资公平性的保证,政府特别是中央政府出资的长期护理有助于提高国民健康水平,地方政府的参与更有助于提高一国医疗系统机构数量特别是医院的数量。     

Using Alternate Forms of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale: Caveat Emptor

This study examined whether Forms A and B ofthe Multidimensional Health Locus of ControlScale (MHLCS) are parallel by comparing (a)mean performance on the internal, powerfulothers, and chance subscales, (b) the internalconsistency and one-week test-retestreliability estimates for each of thesubscales, (c) the intercorrelations among thesubscales, (d) the relationship betweenself-rated health status and each of thesubscales, and (e) the fit of the three-factorstructure for the MHLCS proposed by Wallston etal. (1978) using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA). A non-clinical sample (N = 245) wasused. Overall, the results of the study do notsupport treating Forms A and B of the MHLCS asparallel or exchangeable forms. Directions forfurther revisions to the MHLCS are proposedbased on both the present study as well asfindings from the literature.     

国外高校毕业生就业统计比较及对我们的启示

高校毕业生就业统计数据是高校调整专业结构和课程设置,提高办学质量和水平的重要参考,更是国家采取促进就业措施,制定各项就业政策的重要依据。世界各国政府、社会和高校都重视大学生的就业统计工作,但由于就业机制和就业模式的差异,不同国家的高校就业统计指标及内容方法也各具特色。本文主要从统计主体、统计方法、统计时点以及统计指标体系等方面进行比较分析,并结合我国的情况提出相关对策和建议。     

构建以老年人健康为中心的多元化养老体系

养老模式的选择要以“老年人健康”为第一目的,在这个前提之下,综合考虑老年人年龄结构、身体状况、经济来源状况、周边资源环境、家庭结构等结构性要素,使个人、家庭、社会和政府的有效资源得以充分利用,从而为老年人的养老生活创造一个适宜的微观和宏观环境。本文在前人研究数据的基础之上,通过分析说明,以老年人健康为中心构建多元化养老模式体系,并充分考虑上述各结构性要素的影响,是我国养老模式的重要方向。     

Understanding and Measuring LGBTQ Pathways to Health: A Scoping Review of Strengths-Based Health Promotion Approaches in LGBTQ Health Research

Health research traditionally has focused on the health risks and deficits of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) populations, obscuring the determinants that can promote health across the life course. Recognizing, appropriately measuring, and rendering visible these determinants of health is paramount to informing appropriate and engaging health policies, services, and systems for LGBTQ populations. The overarching purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the findings of a scoping review aimed at exploring strengths-based health promotion approaches to understanding and measuring LGBTQ health. Specifically, this scoping review examined peer-reviewed, published academic literature to determine (a) existing methodological frameworks for studying LGBTQ health from a strengths-based health promotion approach, and (b) suggestions for future methodological approaches for studying LGBTQ health from a strengths-based health promotion approach. The findings of this scoping review will be used to inform the development of a study aimed at assessing the health of and improving pathways to health services among LGBTQ populations in Nova Scotia, Canada.     

与收入相关的老人健康不平等及其分解——基于中国城镇和农村的经验研究

本文使用“中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查”（CLHLS）数据,测度了中国老人健康不平等程度,重点计算了收入、婚姻状况、居住安排等因素对健康不平等的贡献。回归基础上的集中系数及其分解结果显示：我国存在亲富人的健康不平等,高收入人群的健康状况更好;城镇地区,健康不平等主要的贡献因素为收入、婚姻状况、医疗保险、经常锻炼,居住安排对健康不平等的贡献为负。农村地区,收入因素对于健康不平等的贡献最大,这就意味着消除农村健康不平等的关键是要降低收入不平等。在城镇和农村地区医疗保险的不平等程度更甚,进一步强化了健康不平等。因此如果政策想要降低健康不平等,首先要降低穷人获得医疗保险的经济门槛,增加医疗保健服务的可及性。     

流动人口与农村青年人口健康状况及卫生服务利用的比较分析

为比较流动人口与农村青年人口的健康状况和卫生服务利用情况,本研究利用联合国人口基金会青年流动人口健康风险评估项目的调查资料,重点揭示15²4岁青年流动人口和农村青年人口的健康状况及卫生服务利用问题。研究发现,青年流动人口与农村青年人口相比,2周患病率较高,患病后就诊比例和及时就诊比例偏低,保险覆盖率低,患病就诊的报销比例低。多因素分析表明,控制了年龄、自评健康状况、医疗保险拥有情况、近一年体检情况等因素后,流动人口患病就诊的比例依然低于农村青年人口。可以认为,与农村青年人口相比,流动人口面临着更高的健康风险、卫生服务利用不足,值得我们关注。     

Health Profiles and Profile-Specific Health Expectancies of Older Women and Men: The Netherlands

SUMMARY

This study focuses on gender differences in health profiles, and examines which health profiles drive gender differences in remaining life expectancy in women and men aged 65 and over in The Netherlands. Data from the first two cycles of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (n = 2,141 and 1,659, respectively) were used to calculate health profiles for individuals of 65–85 years. For both women and men, six profiles were found: I. cancer; II. “other” chronic diseases; III. cognitive impairment; IV. frailty or multimorbidity; V. cardiovascular diseases; and VI. good health. The further characterization of these types showed some gender differences. Remaining life expectancy for women was greater than for men in each health profile. A decomposition into health expectancies showed that both women and men could expect to live about 5 years in good health from age 66. The greatest gender differences in years spent with health problems were found for profile IV and for profile III. Their greater number of years spent in these health states have direct consequences for the type and cost of care women need.     

LGBT Health in the Midlands: A Rural/Urban Comparison of Basic Health Indicators

Research into the health and wellbeing of rural lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations is limited. A community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach was used to develop an online survey for LGBT Nebraskans. The 770 participants replied to an array of questions on social determinants of health and basic health outcomes. Only significant differences in having health insurance were found between urban and rural participants. Social determinants of health were explored. Results of this study suggest that regional culture may be more salient to health for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons living in the Midwest than rural or urban residence.     

人口流动对健康的影响

在当今世界,人口流动的重要性日益突出,其对健康的影响也日益扩大。尽管涉猎人口流动与健康这个交叉领域的学者很多。但致力于考察前者对后者的影响的作品却为数不多。原因在于流行病学的视角局限了大家的视野。为了扭转这种局面,笔者强调指出,要考察人口流动对健康的影响,必须比较流动前后人群在健康状况方面的变化。以此为导向。在回顾文献的基础上。笔者初步回答了两个问题：流动对健康的影响体现在何处？这些影响得以实现的机制是什么？最后,笔者还为将来的研究提供了一些建议。     

Mental Health Concerns of Gay and Bisexual Men Seeking Mental Health Services

ABSTRACT

Little data exist about the mental health needs of gay and bisexual men. This is due to limitations of existing studies such as small and nonrepresentative samples, failure to assess sexual orientation, and concerns about stigmatization, possibly causing sexual minority individuals to be reluctant to disclose their sexual orientation to researchers. Fenway Community Health is a large urban health center that serves the LGBT community. The large number of gay and bisexual men who present for mental health treatment allows for a unique opportunity to gain insight into mental health, prevention, and intervention needs for this group. The current study is a review of the mental health information from all of the gay and bisexual men who reported that they were HIV-negative during their mental health intake over a six-month period at Fenway Community Health (January to June 2000; N = 92). The most frequent presenting problems were depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. Additionally, presenting problems included current or past abuse, substance abuse, finance and employment, recent loss, and family issues. The most frequent diagnoses were depression, anxiety disorders, and adjustment disorders. These findings support the notion that presenting problems and mental health concerns among gay and bisexual men are similar to those frequently reported by individuals in other mental health facilities, however, specific psychosocial stressors are unique to this population.     

蒙古国人口健康状况分析

蒙古国为世界上人口密度较低的国家,尽管近年来人口总量有所增长,但人口增长仍然很慢,且人口分布不平衡问题严重,80%以上的人口居住在城市。在联合国开发计划署、联合国人口基金、世界银行和亚洲银行等国际组织多年来的支持下,蒙古国人口生殖健康状况有很大改善,但是仍然存在城乡差距较大、部分省份孕产妇死亡率居高不下、孕妇身体健康状况不容乐观等问题。从身体健康的角度来看,蒙古国内仍然存在儿童营养不足、全国人口营养不良发生率较高、生存环境的安全得不到保障等问题。     

Health Needs and Experiences of a LGBT Population in Georgia and South Carolina

ABSTRACT

The 2016 Municipal Equality Index rated Augusta, the largest city in the Central Savannah River Area (CSRA), as one of the least lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) friendly cities in America. To understand the context of our region in relation to LGBT wellness, we conducted the first LGBT health needs assessment of the CSRA, assessing physical and mental health status and health care needs and experiences in the community. Participants (N = 436) were recruited using venue and snowball sampling and completed an anonymous online survey. Overall, the health problems experienced (i.e., obesity, depression) were not uniformly experienced across sexual orientation and gender identity; some groups experienced significantly higher rates of these conditions than others. Similarly, transgender individuals in particular reported higher rates of negative experiences with health care providers. Regional and national dissemination of these findings is critical to reducing health disparities and improving wellness of our local LGBT community.     

健康状况和健康冲击对工作时间的影响

使用中国健康与养老追踪关于浙江和甘肃两省的预调查数据,估计居民健康存量状况和健康冲击对劳动工作时间的影响。研究采用三种健康状况指标:自评健康状况、四种常见慢性病和日常生活自理能力(ADL),其中自评健康状况还使用了15岁之前的健康状况做工具变量估计。基于Tob it模型的估计结果显示:只要健康状况不是太差,劳动者一般不会选择完全退出劳动力市场,健康状况较差的劳动者会适当减少工作时间。慢性病中,只有关节类的疾病对劳动时间的影响显著,其他疾病对劳动时间没有显著影响。日常生活自理能力强的人工作时间明显要长。健康冲击会显著减少劳动者的工作时间,进而减少收入。尽管男性和女性在工作小时上存在很大差异,但是估计结果显示健康存量状况和健康冲击对工作小时的影响不存在很大的性别差异。     

医疗体制改革与社会医疗保险基金合理利用原则的研究

中国医疗体制改革是社会主义经济体制改革的重要部分。中国的公费和劳保医疗制度为保障人民健康 ,做出了巨大的贡献。然而 ,4 0多年的实践证明 ,这种公费医疗体制不适合社会主义市场经济体制改革的趋势 ,所以导致了一系列的问题 ,如 :医疗费用激增 ,医疗服务质量下降 ,医疗机构配置不合理 ,以及医疗资源的浪费等。本文在医疗保险基金的筹资—利用系统中 ,分析了改革试点各种统账方式的利弊。在了解了医疗基金的性质、特征及支付管理内容的基础上 ,探讨了中国医疗保险基金支付方式的原则 ,分析了总额预付制在现阶段实施的可行性 ,为合理利用医疗保险基金的原则提出了较基础的评价     

The Sustainability of Population Health

The study of population health encompasses analysis of the fundamental influences on human health, the consequences of such influences for societies and individuals, and the ways in which people and institutions respond to these consequences. A theme lacking from the present discourse is that of the sustainability of population health. To be sustainable, societies must respect the boundaries of natural systems and scorn disparities in standards of living. Preliminary analysis of data from 152 countries reveals an inverse relation between measures of population health and sustainability, although there are examples of societies where this inverse relation does not hold. Future research in population health should begin to question the sustainability of improving the health of some populations at the expense of others, and investigate how some societies appear to be able to achieve population health without compromising the health of the biosphere.