考虑消费者短视和策略行为的动态定价研究

研究了消费者在行为规则上表现出策略型或短视型的不同特征且估价呈随机分布的市场环境下产品的二阶段动态定价决策问题.基于临界估价的定义,对策略型和短视型消费者的市场响应特征进行了统一的描述,应用逆推法得到产品的最优价格路径.数值实验表明,产品降价幅度、两类消费者总的期望购买数量和企业总的期望利润会随着策略型消费者所占比例的增加而减小.最后比较分析了只存在单一类型消费者条件下的决策结果.     

针对策略型消费者定价问题研究进展

本文针对策略型消费行为和定价问题的相关研究进行了简单的整理和探究,通过对相关文献的阅读和整理,希望发现一些今后研究上的启示。本文从策略型消费者的出现出发,经过对相关研究的方向、重点对文献进行区分,找出各类研究的相同和不同之处,并讨论了研究的可扩展性。     

焕新计划下考虑消费者细分的产品定价策略

焕新计划是生产商为提升自身竞争优势而推出的一种促销手段,加入焕新计划的消费者在第一阶段可以享受全方位服务,在第二阶段可以享受以旧换新抵扣优惠。消费者将权衡加入焕新计划的费用、服务水平以及抵扣力度等因素决策是否在第一阶段加入焕新计划。本文假设时尚型消费者每阶段都会购买最新产品,而节俭型消费者第一阶段购买产品后在第二阶段继续使用,针对这两类消费者在实施焕新计划和不实施焕新计划两种情况下,构建两阶段模型以决策产品的最优定价;运用解析方法分析了产品的生产成本等参数对最优定价的影响;运用解析方法和数值算例方法对两模型进行对比。     

面对策略型消费者的企业最优创新与定价策略

本文研究企业的最优产品创新策略及其对企业运营的影响。通过构建两阶段动态博弈模型,分析企业在渐进式创新与突破式创新两种模式下和策略型消费者之间的定价与购买博弈,以及企业和消费者的策略性程度对于最优产品创新策略的影响。研究结果表明,第一,企业的最优产品创新策略受到高创新产品相对于低创新产品的创新提升程度、二者成本差异,以及消费者的策略性程度的共同影响。第二,在考虑策略型消费者购买行为的背景下,当高创新产品的创新程度足够高,或者二者成本差异有限时,突破式创新策略对于企业而言不仅能提供更高的利润,还能占据更大的市场份额。第三,消费者与企业策略性程度的增加,均在一定程度上提高了突破式创新相比渐进式创新而言的优势。     

不同供应链模式下“以旧换新燃油”和“以旧换新能源”定价策略

在以旧换新燃油车(TONF)和以旧换新能源车(TONE)共存的情况下,本文分别研究了直销模式和分销模式下汽车制造商和零售商的最优以旧换新策略和定价决策,并确定了以旧换新策略选择的阈值条件。结果表明:直销模式下,同时提供TONF和TONE两种以旧换新策略并不一定使制造商获益,这取决于燃油汽车和新能源汽车的生产成本之间的关系。而在分销模式下,零售商的以旧换新策略选择不仅取决于两类汽车的生产成本,还与制造商给予的旧燃油车回购价格有关。值得注意的是,只有当新燃油车和新能源车的生产成本都很低时,供应链模式的变化才会使得供应链以旧换新策略发生改变,同时回收效率也会改变。相较于分销模式,直销模式下的以旧换新需求更多,且供应链利润更高。     

考虑多种等待成本策略型消费者的零售商定价研究

策略型消费者为选择购买时机而估计立即或推迟购买产品的效用时,除了考虑价格和可得性,还应考虑等待成本。考虑消费者等待成本的差异性,将消费者分为高等待成本消费者、居间等待成本消费者和零等待成本消费者。基于报童模型和理性预期均衡原理,考虑三种类型策略型消费者的不同比例,构建了零售商的定价决策模型。分析比较了三种情形的定价决策：以高等待成本消费者为销售目标的定价（TM定价）、以高等待成本和居间等待成本消费者为销售目标的定价（TMξ定价）以及以所有消费者为销售目标的定价（TA定价）。研究显示,即使消费者都是理性的,由于等待成本的差异也会表现出短视型或者是部分理性的消费特征。采用TM定价时,零售商最优收益随高等待成本消费者比例的增大而提高;采用TMξ定价时,零售商最优收益随零等待成本消费者比例的提高而降低;采用TA定价时,零售商有固定的最优收益,零售商可以通过权衡每个消费者群体的保留价格和相应的买家数量来获得最优的定价策略。当零等待成本消费者的比例大于阈值,不管其他消费者的类型和比例如何,都应采用TA定价策略。在存在降价销售期的情况下,零售商在两个销售阶段的均衡价格与消费者在这两个销售阶段的等待成...     

基于消费者效用的移动服务定价策略研究

从移动服务产品的特征出发,以二元价值系统的效用理论为基础,从基本价值功能和超越价值功能2个方面度量移动服务产品的消费者效用。考虑在3方博弈的情况下,消费者效用对购买力的影响,通过对不同服务优势运营商定价策略的讨论,探讨了价格水平和消费者效用对运营商利润和市场份额的影响。     

策略型消费者创新感知与产品定价换代策略研究

科学技术迅猛发展促使厂商频繁推出创新型产品以抢占市场份额,产品定价和换代策略成为厂商经营成败的重要因素。本文在产品技术创新视角下构建双寡头厂商三阶段产品最优定价与换代决策模型,结合效用函数和博弈分析方法从同质产品市场拓展为异质产品市场,求解出单品换代策略及共生换代策略下新品上市时点和旧产品退出市场时点的显示解,并通过仿真模拟探讨产品技术创新水平、消费者创新感知度对最优产品定价和换代策略的影响。研究表明产品技术创新水平和消费者创新感知度对厂商产品定价和换代策略有重要影响。同质产品市场下,市场潜在需求越大,产品初始定价越高。厂商面临内外部产品竞争时,市场潜在需求较小且两代产品处于共生状态下,为减弱内部竞争新旧产品最优定价差距不大;当市场潜在需求较大,厂商新品定价由技术创新水平决定,消费者技术创新感知值越高,新品定价越高,反之越低。当厂商技术创新水平处于劣势时,两厂商技术创新水平差距越大,劣势厂商越应提早退出市场。     

基于消费者选择行为的生鲜农产品保鲜和定价策略研究

针对生鲜农产品易变质的特性以及消费者偏好的多样性,构建了价格和新鲜度影响下的消费者时变选择模型,基于零售商所面临的初始订货数量变化或潜在市场容量变化,分析了零售商对于生鲜农产品的最优定价及最优保鲜投入。结果表明,当潜在市场容量较小时,零售商通过保鲜所获得的利润增加值、最优定价及最优保鲜投入均随着初始订货量的增加而减小;当潜在市场容量较大时,零售商的保鲜利润增加值和最优定价仍然随着初始订货量的增加而减小,但最优保鲜投入却随着初始订货量的增加而增大。     

基于消费者评论的网络预售定价策略研究

在线消费者评论成为影响消费者购买行为的重要因素。本文构建两阶段销售模型(预售期、正常销售期),通过刻画预售期消费者评论对正常销售期需求的影响,探究消费者评论如何影响商家定价策略以及商家如何利用消费者评论调节竞争。结果表明,无论在垄断或竞争市场情形下,若忠实消费者选择等待至正常销售期购买产品,商家均会采取折价预售策略,即通过降低预售期价格提升消费者评论,刺激正常销售期的产品需求。在竞争市场情形下,若普通消费者的产品偏好成本非常低且预售期购买量较小,商家的折价预售策略能通过提升消费者评论以阻止竞争者进入市场;随着普通消费者产品偏好成本增大,商家会将重心转向忠实消费者,进而缓解商家之间的竞争。     

社群学习环境下的互联网众筹定价策略研究

互联网众筹以创新产品为纽带汇聚了大量长尾消费者,这种兴趣导向的网络群体营造了活跃的"社群学习"氛围。本文基于群体信息交互特性刻画了众筹社群学习机制,进而构建模型分别考察了消费者决策行为与发起人两阶段定价策略。研究发现:(1)社群学习效果与社群规模、社群活跃度以及社群交互效率呈正相关关系;(2)消费者购买决策受到耐心程度、体验价值与定价策略的影响,其众筹参与意愿与社群活跃度和社群交互效率呈负相关关系;(3)相比于不存在社群学习情境下发起人一定采用"先高后低"的撇脂定价策略,存在社群学习情境下的发起人可能倾向采用"先低后高"的渗透定价策略。进一步数值仿真分析表明:消费者耐心、社群活跃度与社群交互效率对发起人定价与福利有着重要影响。本文为互联网众筹中较为常见的"先低后高"定价模式提供了独到理论解释:社群学习所引致的策略效应和信息效应延迟了消费者购买决策,从而驱使发起人制定较低众筹价格(相对于后期销售价格)以确保一定众筹参与率。     

The comparison between trade-in and leasing of a product with technology innovations

Companies can adopt trade-in and/or leasing to shorten consumers׳ upgrade cycle and gain control over secondary markets. In this paper, we consider a monopolistic manufacturer who offers a technology product to a market consisting of heterogeneous consumers. We focus on an exogenous, stochastic innovation process that determines the availability of new technology and consequently, residual value of the current product. We derive the optimal pricing strategy of trade-in and leasing, respectively, examine its impact on the manufacturer׳s expected profit, and compare the performance of the two strategies. Trade-in protects the manufacturer against residual value risk and allows the flexibility of offering the option at different innovation states separately. Leasing, on the other hand, provides the manufacturer an opportunity to circumvent low new product prices and thus increases expected profit when product reuse profitability is high. The interplay between the two forces, product reuse profitability and new product price, determines the preference between trade-in and leasing. Our findings provide monopolistic manufacturers guidance on how to optimally employ the trade-in and leasing strategies.     

产品和零售商品牌差异条件下的渠道价格策略

从渠道中的制造商和零售商相对力量对比的角度,对渠道中的价格决策问题进行了研究.采用博弈理论,研究了由两个制造商和两个零售商组成的典型渠道结构中的价格决策问题,在研究渠道价格决策时,同时考虑了产品和零售商的差异,将产品差异提炼为产品成本和产品品牌差异,将零售商的差异提炼为零售成本和零售商品牌差异,并考虑了需求函数和渠道权利结构对渠道价格决策产生的影响.研究表明,渠道权利结构、产品差异和零售商差异均对渠道价格决策会产生影响,且对不同制造商和零售商的影响程度有较大的差异.     

OEM product design in a price competition with remanufactured product

An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) produces new products and often faces a dilemma when determining the level of interchangeability in its product design. The interchangeability is considered as a degree to which the product can be disassembled without force, and thus an increasing degree of interchangeability would decrease the OEM's production cost, but it would also lower a remanufacturer's cost in cannibalizing used items. Decreasing the level of interchangeability to deter the remanufacturer, on the other hand, would simultaneously increase the production costs of the OEM. We thus formulate a two-period supply chain model consisting of two chain members, an OEM and a remanufacturer, to investigate the product design decision of the OEM and both chain members' competitive pricing strategies. We then characterize the equilibrium decisions and profits with regard to costs and consumers' preference for the remanufactured product. We also evaluate a strategic game in which the OEM chooses the degree of interchangeability, and the remanufacturer determines its collection strategy. We find that the product-design strategy is effective for the OEM in competing with the remanufacturer, but it is not necessarily harmful to the remanufacturer.     

产品召回供应链中线性保险合约与订货决策

考虑一个由单供应商和单制造商组成的二级供应链,在不确定市场需求情形下考虑产品召回,站在制造商角度研究供应链线性保险合约下的最优订货决策以及最优线性保险合约决策。研究表明,最优的订货决策与产品召回概率以及线性保险系数相关,存在唯一的最优订货量来最大化制造商的利润。对于密度函数倒数的导数较大的一般需求分布函数,最优的线性保险系数与线性保险合约的固定费用以及产品召回概率有关。当产品召回概率和线性保险合约的固定费用均较小时或者产品召回概率较大但线性保险合约的固定费用适中时,制造商通过选择线性保险合约可以改善自己的利润。     

Impact of product proliferation on the reverse supply chain

Product variety is one of the most important advantages in highly competitive markets. However, excessive product proliferation's reducing the profit margin has caused increased focus on developing a management method for maximal profit. In a closed-loop supply chain, product proliferation affects the reverse supply chain as well as the forward supply chain. Although increasing the number of product types can better satisfy diverse customer needs, complexity in the product recycling, remanufacturing, and resale processes may erode a firm's overall profits. In this study, we develop a mathematical model for analyzing a capacitated reverse supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and multiple retailers. We reveal closed-form solutions for the optimal batch size and maximal profit, and discuss managerial insights into how the number of products and other factors can affect both batch size and profit. Finally, we investigate the relationship between product proliferation and the choice of logistics strategy.     

兼并效应与产品覆盖策略

在行业寡头垄断竞争中, 引入产品覆盖策略竞争的变量, 把企业兼并时的竞争假定为两 个阶段两种变量: 先是产品覆盖策略竞争, 后是产品产量竞争, 并设计了一个描述这种兼并竞 争的模型. 在此基础上, 分析了参与和未参与兼并的企业的产品覆盖策略变化对各企业利润和 价格的影响, 在一定程度上解释了兼并悖论. 我们赞成适度的兼并控制政策, 但在经济萧条时 期可适当放宽.     

Production and pricing problems in make-to-order supply chain with cap-and-trade regulation

This paper studies the production and pricing problems in MTO (make-to-order) supply chain containing an upstream manufacturer who produces two products based on MTO production and a downstream retailer. The manufacturer is regulated by cap-and-trade regulation and determines the wholesale prices of the two products. To comply with the regulation, the manufacturer can buy or sell emission permits through an outside market. The retailer determines its order quantities to meet the price-sensitive demands. We derive the optimal total emissions and production quantities of the two products, and based on them, we analyze the impact of emission trading price on the optimal production decisions and the two firms’ optimal profits. The emission trading decisions follow a two-threshold policy and the optimal total emissions are increasing in the cap. However, contrary to intuition, the optimal production quantities of the two products may be decreasing in the cap. The manufacturer׳s optimal profit is decreasing (increasing) in the buying (selling) price of emission permits, and that the retailer׳s optimal profit is decreasing in the buying (selling) price of emission permits. The optimal total emissions are decreasing in buying or selling price of emission permits, however, the optimal production quantities of the two products may be increasing (decreasing) in the buying (selling) price of emission permits. Numerical examples are conducted to illustrate our findings and some managerial insights are presented.     

考虑竞争者进入威胁的易逝品动态定价机制

本文研究了同时考虑竞争者进入威胁和消费者行为的易逝品的动态定价机制.依据策略性和忠诚性两个维度,将市场中的消费者分为策略型忠诚者、策略型转换者、短视型忠诚者和短视型转换者四种类型.建立了在位企业、竞争企业与策略消费者间的两阶段动态博弈模型,通过均衡求解与分析,探讨了在位企业和竞争企业的最优价格机制以及消费者行为对企业定价行为和均衡收益的影响,深入分析了竞争者的进入行为对在位企业定价和收益的影响,以及消费者策略行为和转换行为与竞争者进入行为间的交互作用机制.研究表明:在位企业可以依据策略消费者的比例,采取智能的动态定价机制,实行或放弃对策略消费者的跨期价格歧视,最大化自身收益;消费者策略行为会降低在位企业的绩效却能够提高竞争者的绩效;竞争者的进入并非总是对在位企业不利,在一定条件下,竞争者的进入有利于提高在位企业的绩效;在位企业通过多种方式培养自己的忠实顾客,不仅能够应对竞争者的进入威胁而且能够缓解消费者策略行为的负面影响.     

Joint pricing and ordering policy for a deteriorating inventory with partial backlogging

In this paper, a deterministic inventory model for deteriorating items with time-dependent backlogging rate is developed. The demand and deterioration rate are known, continuous, and differentiable function of price and time, respectively. Under these general assumptions, we first prove that the optimal replenishment schedule not only exists but is unique, for any given selling price. Next, we show that the total profit is a concave function of price when the replenishment schedule is given. We then provide a simple algorithm to find the optimal selling price and replenishment schedule for the proposed model. Finally, we use a numerical example to illustrate the algorithm.