环状区域的车辆路径方案生成系统及优化模型

针对顾客满足环状区域分布的车辆路径问题(VRP),以大幅度地缩减问题求解的状态空间为突破口,引入人工智能和运筹学理论,提出求解这类特殊车辆路径问题的两阶段方法.第1阶段考虑行车时间和车载容量,提出带有控制策略的深度优先搜索算法自动生成备选的车辆路径方案集合.第2阶段将此备选方案集合归结为整数规划模型.采用VB6.0编程语言构建了车辆路径方案生成系统,并实现该系统与运筹学求解软件lindo的集成.通过案例验证了上述方法及自动求解系统的有效性.该项研究为解决环状配送区域的车辆路径问题这一难题提供了新方法.     

多车场带时间窗车辆路径问题的变邻域搜索算法

多车场带时间窗车辆路径问题是车辆路径问题集合中的一个极为复杂、且仍未得到较好解决的问题。针对这一问题,建立了它的整数规划数学模型,提出了一种改进型变邻域搜索算法。该算法在初始解的构造阶段采用聚类方法完成客户的分配,运用混合算子进行局部搜索,通过后优化过程增强寻优效果,引入模拟退火模型对新解的接受进行控制。最后,在Cordeau提出的标准用例上对改进型变邻域算法进行了实验,实验结果更新了大部分目前该问题的最优解,并在算法的稳定性和求解时间上体现出一定优势。实验表明,该算法是一种求解多车场带时间窗车辆路径问题的有效方法。     

有模糊时间窗的车辆调度组合干扰管理研究

研究带有模糊时间窗的车辆调度组合干扰管理模型及其混合遗传算法.采用时间窗模糊化处理方法,定义客户满意度函数,根据干扰管理思想对车辆调度中组合性干扰事件进行分析,从配送路径、配送成本和客户满意度三个方面进行干扰辨识与度量,建立基于模糊时间窗的车辆调度组合干扰管理模型;构造模型求解的混合遗传算法,将最佳客户插入规则与遗传算法结合,同时在算法中嵌入模糊优化程序以处理问题的模糊特征;进行数值实验,实验结果验证了模型与算法的有效性.     

带模糊工作时间窗的多配送中心同时集散货物车辆路径问题

在线资源的特性使得配送车辆采用分时租赁的模式为客户进行服务,配送车辆路径问题呈现多模糊时间窗特性。本文构建了带有模糊工作时间窗的多配送中心同时集散货物车辆路径模型,以最小化配送成本、车辆使用数,最大化服务质量为优化目标。根据客户期望时间窗、硬时间窗、软时间窗,改进了线性梯形隶属度函数表示客户模糊满意度。模型的求解采用自适应大规模邻域搜索算法,通过引入多种群搜索机制和非支配排序操作,加快算法收敛速度、增强算法全局寻优能力。最后,通过算例求解验证模型和改进算法的有效性和优越性。     

基于改进差分进化算法的VRP-SDPTW研究

整合前向物流和逆向物流,提出带时间窗的同时送货和取货的车辆路径问题(VRP-SDPTW)的混合整数规划数学模型.首次提出改进的差分进化算法(IDE)求解该问题,算法对不可行解设计惩罚机制,当基因值超过规定的范围时,设计基于整数序规范的辅助算子解决变异问题,设计一种随进化代数自动更新的交叉率.数值实验表明,改进的差分进化算法能有效地求解VRP-SDPTW.     

供需未匹配的多车场多车型多货品可拆分取送货车辆路径问题

取送货车辆路径问题在多点调拨系统普遍存在,属于NP-hard问题。该问题研究通常需考虑车场数、车型种类、货品种类、客户服务次数等诸多因素,已有文献多假设客户间供需已匹配、单车场、单车型、单货品和取送货需求一次性满足,优化目标多设置为总路径最短。而从企业运营实践来看,运输方案不仅要规划客户间访问路径,还需进行客户间供需匹配;运输成本不仅与运距有关,还涉及运输货品的重量和派车成本;运输网络中多车场、多车型和多货品更加常见,且客户需求量往往大于车辆装载能力。因此,本文首次尝试基于"运距×运量"的车辆路径成本和基于额定吨位的固定派车成本之和最小为优化目标,建立同时考虑多车场、多车型、多货品、客户间供需未匹配和需求可拆分的取送货车辆路径问题模型,并设计基于大规模邻域搜索的迭代局部搜索求解算法。该算法采用基于运输效率提升的贪婪思想来快速构建高质量初始可行解,并通过引入四种移除算子、两种修复算子和车场车型调整优化策略形成大规模可行搜索邻域以增强全局寻优能力。基于18个文献算例和6个企业实例的数值实验结果表明：1）本文提出的算法在求解质量和求解效率方面均优于相关文献中的算法;2）相对人工调拨方案,本文设计的方案能够帮助企业节约33%的运输成本和21%的车次。本研究不仅可拓展取送货车辆路径问题现有理论,而且可为企业实际运营提供决策支持。     

基于蚁群智能的客户群偏好分析方法

采用蚁群智能的数据挖掘方法,根据客户对产品属性的偏好评分,对客户进行有效的分类.将客户偏好作为n维空间中的一个点,运用基于蚁群智能的聚类方法,根据预先设定的群体相似系数和拾起或放下概率进行聚类分析,在空间中采用递归算法,以获得不同偏好特征的客户群体模式.     

整合逆向物流协同配送动态路径优化问题研究

整合逆向物流的协同配送面临着客户需求随机并发、行驶路径开环多变等不确定性挑战,这给配送路径动态规划和方案柔性制定带来了更严苛的要求.为此,使用"时间片"划分方式,将动态配送问题转化为一系列静态优化问题,提出了整合逆向物流的协同配送动态路径优化两阶段求解策略.首先,通过考虑车载量以及时间窗等软硬约束条件,构建以总物流成本最小和客户满意度最大的多配送中心协同配送初始-实时动态路径规划模型.其次,设计带有非支配排序与精英策略的多目标免疫遗传算法MOIGA对模型进行求解.最后,研究结果表明客户满意度与物流运营成本之间呈现悖反关系,高配送成本会带来高客户满意度,在相同成本支出情况下,MOIGA算法产生的规划方案客户满意度优于NSGA-Ⅱ、MOIA,这也验证了模型的有效性以及方法优越性.     

免费接送机场服务的多目标规划模型及算法

综合考虑了航空票务公司免费接送机场服务过程中的顾客满意度与成本,将顾客满意度这一定性因素量化,并将运输成本分为车次起用的固定费用和车辆运行的运行费用.由此建立了针对免费接送机场服务中车次分配与调度问题的以最大满意度和最小成本费用为目标的0-1混合整数规划模型.根据问题和模型的特点,提出基于C-W节约思想的两阶段启发式算法对该问题进行求解.最后通过实验仿真和结果分析,说明了模型的实用性和算法的有效性.     

整合逆向物流协同配送动态路径优化问题研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

整合逆向物流的协同配送面临着客户需求随机并发、行驶路径开环多变等不确定性挑战,这给配送路径动态规划和方案柔性制定带来了更严苛的要求.为此,使用“时间片”划分方式,将动态配送问题转化为一系列静态优化问题,提出了整合逆向物流的协同配送动态路径优化两阶段求解策略.首先,通过考虑车栽量以及时间窗等软硬约束条件,构建以总物流成本最小和客户满意度最大的多配送中心协同配送初始-实时动态路後规划模型.其次,设计带有非支配排序与精英策略的多目标免疫遗传算法M0IGA对模型进行求解.最后,研究结果表明客户满意度与物流运营成本之间呈现悖反关系,高配送成本会带来高客户满意度,在相同成本支出情况下,M0IGA算法产生的规划方案客户满意度优于NSGA-Ⅱ、M0IA,这也验证了模型的有效性以及方法优越性.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.