阿拉伯国家礼尚往来须知

随着中东和平形势的发展,阿拉伯国家在世界上的政治、经济地位越来越重要.阿拉伯国家不仅拥有极其丰富的油气资源,而且拥有悠久的历史文化和迷人的自然风光,是世界上的重要旅游区.近年来,我国与阿拉伯国家加强了各种渠道的联系,增进了解和友谊,国家关系日益密切.与此同时,企业界人士也努力扩大交往,使双边经贸合作有了     

阿拉伯的金融体系

阿拉伯银行的兴起石油输出国组织中的阿拉伯国家正在建立一个新的国际金融体系。从十年代,它们将以七十年代控制世界能源资源的同样的方法,控制世界金融资源。从某种意义来说,阿拉伯银行将成为世界上最富有的金     

卡塔尔天然气出口战略转向分析

卡塔尔天然气产业的发展历程,充斥着阿拉伯国家间紧张局势和地区政治不稳定等能源地缘政治因素.其能源出口结构逐渐转向天然气,实际上是将天然气作为优势产品出口而最终成为世界天然气市场上举足轻重角色的战略意图的体现.面对美国天然气革命带来的冲击和亚欧天然气市场价格“溢价”,卡塔尔积极调整天然气出口战略,将天然气出口到经济增长较快、需求旺盛、价格较高的亚洲市场.卡塔尔的战略调整,符合其能源地缘政治和经济利益目标.     

阿拉伯世界的世俗主义与世俗化

阿拉伯世界的世俗主义是受西方的影响而产生的.19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶是阿拉伯世界世俗主义发展的第一阶段,首先在阿拉伯基督教信徒中间产生,并为阿拉伯基督教信徒和穆斯林共同发展.凯末尔领导的土耳其世俗化运动,使作为非阿拉伯国家的土耳其以其世俗主义模式影响了阿拉伯世界,很多阿拉伯国家随之走上世俗化道路.但从20世纪70年代开始,现代伊斯兰主义兴起,作为非阿拉伯国家的伊朗以其伊斯兰革命影响了阿拉伯世界现代伊斯兰主义的发展.作为对现代伊斯兰主义的回应,阿拉伯世界的世俗主义进入了第二阶段,福阿德·宰凯里亚的思想最具代表性.     

全球化与中东现代化进程--兼议沙特现代化面临的挑战

二战后,阿拉伯国家相继走上政治独立,有了自主发展民族经济、改变长期落后面貌的国际大环境.经几十年的努力,虽有发展,甚至一些产油国的现代化进程很快,但整个阿拉伯世界的发展水平参差不齐,也未能与世界同步,在种种不利因素影响下,在经济全球化中的地位有可能被边缘化.面对这一不利的发展趋势,阿拉伯人只有加强区域经济合作,扬长避短,积极主动投身于全球化大潮中,才能由被动变主动,最终摘掉落后的帽子.     

阿拉伯国家社会转型中经济发展面临的挑战

能源在阿拉伯世界经济社会发展中具有举足轻重的地位和作用,影响并形成了阿拉伯国家独特的经济社会结构和发展道路。然而,阿拉伯世界以能源为主的社会经济发展模式凸显了资源导向增长的经典困境,阿拉伯产油国经济和社会发展高度依赖石油和天然气,工业和经济结构单一,经济多元化水平低下。石油财富未能从根本上改变阿拉伯国家社会经济发展成就的有限性,社会经济发展滞后,贫困、失业和社会不公三大问题,凸显了阿拉伯世界以能源为主的社会经济发展模式的弊端和深层危机。“阿拉伯之春”对社会经济包容性增长的强烈要求,对以能源为主的阿拉伯国家社会经济发展模式提出了严重挑战。阿拉伯世界的社会稳定将是一个长期和艰难的过程,最终取决于阿拉伯国家的社会经济发展水平。     

全球化下的阿拉伯国家金融发展趋势

金融全球化对阿拉伯国家来说是双刃剑.阿拉伯国家金融体系主要以间接融资为主.金融自由化、技术革新和市场参与是金融中介转变职能的主要动力.阿拉伯国家金融业拥有这些驱动力,但并没有被政府部门和市场参与者看作主要规则.与此同时,尽管阿拉伯国家金融业发展趋势与全球金融发展趋势相同,但发展却极不均衡,并成为经济增长的阻碍之一.在金融全球化面前,阿拉伯国家正进行金融改革,但仍面临着巨大的经济和社会挑战.     

阿拉伯世界的发展模式

历史悠久的阿拉伯世界的发展进程极富变化性.近代以后,先后遭土耳其帝国以及西方殖民主义的入侵.一战后,阿拉伯世界的现代国家体系才逐步形成,新独立的阿拉伯国家在面临诸多困难的情况下,探索出了不同的发展模式,这些模式具有西方主义、国家主义、外贷主义等特点,对阿拉伯世界的发展产生了重大影响.     

从统计数字看阿拉伯国家教育发展现状

近一二十年来,阿拉伯国家的教育发展迅猛,举世瞩目.1970年,阿拉伯世界的成人识字率为30%,1992年上升为54%;1960~1991年,中小学在校学生从800万猛增到4600万.本文就阿拉伯世界、尤其是西亚地区教育发展的现状作一分析.     

全球能源转型与中阿能源合作的立体化发展

阿拉伯地区油气资源富集国家的经济发展高度依赖油气出口。随着气候变化成为全球关注重要议题,能源供给向“绿色”转型,这给阿拉伯国家原有经济发展模式带来了巨大挑战。面对国际能源转型压力,阿拉伯国家在继续挖掘油气资源潜力的同时,也积极通过应用CCUS技术、提升能源供给多元化水平、实施节能和能效提升行动等措施,实现“碳中和”“碳减排”目标。近年来,阿拉伯国家将深化对外开放作为经济转型的重要内容,进一步提升其与中国推进高质量对外开放的政策互通性。上述变化推动中阿能源合作逐渐从油气合作为主向油气与“低碳”合作双轮驱动,由贸易与基建合作为主向贸易、基建和投资合作共同推进的方向转变。然而,全球融资成本上升、国际油价波动以及阿拉伯国家能源补贴改革的复杂性,或将给中阿能源合作的立体化发展带来不利影响。     

Regulated freedoms: the market and the state,agriculture and the environment

We argue that a “free” market — that is, a market in which the state does not intervene — is a theoretical impossibility in a state society. In place of the natural economy view of a market apart from the state, we offer a social economy view of the inescapable social structuring of markets through state regulation. Even when states institute policies which prevent “interference” in a market, the enforcement power of the state is no less required. We thus distinguish between two forms of regulation: negative regulation — regulation which prevents interference — and positive regulation — regulation which enables interference. These two forms of regulation make possible two different conceptions of freedom, what Isaiah Berlin once termed “negative freedom” from agency and “positive freedom” to have agency. We argue that positive and negative freedom and positive and negative regulation are inseparable; freedom is always contextual. Through a discussion of the debate between industrial agriculture and environmentalists, we show that both supporters and critics of the “free” market are alike in their advocacy, often unacknowledged, of both negative and positive forms of regulation. Rather then a lessening of regulation, this debate represents the institution of a new regulatory regime out of the contest of interests. We conclude by considering the implications for democracy of the contextual character of freedom.     

Relating the Central and the Local

Although a number of valuable models of central‐local relationships in the nonprofit sector have been developed, particularly in relation to federal structures, there has been a tendency to assume that in any given organizational relationship central‐local structures will follow one common pattern. We argue that wider strategies are available: central dependency along one dimension may run with greater local autonomy along another. Such mixed tight‐loose structures may be of considerable importance in the “boundaryless” organizational environment of the future.     

Disappointing and deviant youth and the rage of the elders

A generalized adult hostility toward youth derives from the complexities of the parent/child relationship, often mirrored in the helper/client and therapist/patient dyads. Parents derive considerable or little narcissistic gain from the accomplishments of their offspring, and conversely, are disappointed or even mortified by their failures. This is particularly true of narcissistically vulnerable parents—helpers and therapists as well—and accounts for widespread attitudes of competition, disparagement, and outright hostility toward young people. In the extreme, the pathological situations of emotional exploitation, incest, and physical abuse occur, but lesser forms of exploitation, such as personally gratifying advocacy, political gain, cultism, and enhancement of professional status, point to similar, but seemingly less destructive, forms of narcissistic gain. Youth may respond by conforming, defying, disappointing, and deviating. Adults may be either pleased, or enraged.     

Private property and the problem of the miraculous: the kramats and the city of Cape Town

This paper seeks to explore the place of kramats the graves of Muslim saints or Auliyah – in the landscape of contemporary Cape Town. The kramat sites have been proclaimed as heritage sites because of their importance as tangible signs of Islam at the Cape. At the same time, the process of the kramats becoming heritage sites has contained moments of intense, often sensational, public contestation. Offering a reading of the discourses surrounding two contested kramats in Cape Town, this paper explores the way kramats mark out a miraculous space in the prosaic modern city and introduce into the post-apartheid evaluation of heritage, alternative conceptions of space and notions of temporality. They are sites of impossibility where, it is claimed, the laws of nature themselves are interrupted to mark the intangible particularities of the site. This paper explores what happens when this miraculous space is subject to the demands of private property and municipal law and the conflicts that arise from this collision of different conceptual and experiential modalities. It considers the effects of the entanglement of legend and history that result from the production of these sites as heritage in a market-driven economy.     

Between the market and the hard place: neoliberalization and the Polish LGBT movement

ABSTRACT

Whilst the fall of state socialism in 1989 opened up a space for the Polish LGBT movement to emerge and develop, over the last three decades the process has taken place against the backdrop of material and ideological constraints of neoliberalization, a point that has been largely overlooked in the scholarship on the Polish LGBT movement. Informed by interviews with Polish LGBT activists this article explores the contradictory ways in which processes of neoliberalization and market logic influence and often constrain the Polish LGBT movement. The argument is that neoliberalization and its logic profusely affect what is possible and desirable for the Polish LGBT movement on a personal, local as well as a national level. The contradictory effects of the processes of neoliberalization combined with the political climate, with minimal or no state support for LGBT organizing, result in a movement that is at the mercy of the market-like environment, under-resourced, dependent almost entirely on voluntary labor and spatially scarce.