新中国成立前中国共产党民族区域自治的理论与实践

民族区域自治制度是中国共产党把马克思主义民族理论同中国民族实际相结合的产物，是中国共产党为解决国内民族问题而实施的一项基本政策和重要政治制度。民族区域自治思想的提出和民族区域自治制度的最终确立，经历了从主张民族自决、自治、实行联邦制到将民族自治与区域自治相结合，实行民族区域自治这一历程。     

自治条例是民族法制体系的基本内容

自治区自治条例是民族区域自治制度的具体化。民族立法自治权是民族区域自治制度的核心,制定和出台自治条例是完善民族法制体系的必要条件,是对自治区立法自治权的具体落实,是对民族区域自治法原则规定的细化。研究自治区自治条例立法内容,必须以自治机关自治权为核心。自治区自治条例立法机制主要解决的是自治区自治条例立法的程序性问题,它具有主体特定性、程序正当性以及结果确定性的特点。必须尽快寻找到一条能够促使五大自治区自治条例顺利出台的有效途径。     

自治与少数民族权利保护的国际新观察

自治作为保护少数民族权利、化解民族冲突的重要措施,已经受到国际社会的广泛关注。观察世界范围内各国国内法上各种类型的自治制度,特别是研究作为保护多族群和多元文化社会中少数族群利益的这一制度设置的结构功能,比较其优长,探究其法理,并讨论自治的适当的国际标准,达到既维护少数族群的合法利益,又顾及国家主权和社会整合,成为国际法学者讨论的热点问题。本文的宗旨是通过对国际法上自决权的讨论和国际法学者探究自治的方式与形式的观察,阐述作为保护少数民族权利的自治制度的法理内涵。 自治作为一个法律概念,并没有明晰地…     

论民族自治权的三种类型

本文在"国家主权—民族主体—地方自治"分析框架内,根据世界各国宪法的规定,结合宪法理论,将自治权民族实现自治的形式划分为三类,即独享型民族自治权、结合型民族自治权以及融合型民族自治权,旨在对自治权民族实现自治的条件进行类型学分析。     

关于民族的自治和发展问题

民族的自治和发展,是现阶段民族工作面临的两大主要问题。只有认真地解决好这两个问题,才能使我国各民族达到共同发展、共同繁荣的目的。本文仅就这个问题谈点自己的看法。 一、完善民族区域自治制度 民族区域自治作为我国解决民族问题的基本政策,从1949年9月通过《中国人民政治协     

民族知识

什么是民族区域自治? 中国的民族区域自治,是在中华人民共和国领土范围内,在中央政府集中统一领导下,遵循国家宪法的规定,各少数民族以聚居区为基础,建立自治地方,设立自治机关,行使自治权利,享有当家作主,管理本地区本民族内部事务的自治制度。 它是中国共产党运用马克思列宁主义解决中国民族问题的基本政策和一项重要的政治制度,体现了国家充分尊重和保障各少数民族管理本民族内部事务权利的精神,体现了国家坚持实行各民族平等、团结和共同繁荣的原则。 这种制度把国家的集中统一与少数民族聚居地区的区域自治有机结合起来,把政治因素与经…     

当前我国民族立法工作中存在的主要问题、成因及对策研究

本文分析了当前我国民族立法工作中存在的亟待研究解决的五个方面的问题,即：民族立法工作不平衡,且严重滞后;民族法律体系不配套,法与法之间衔接难;变通权行使远未到位;自治法规地方特色和民族特色不明显,针对性和操作性不强;立法技术、法律规范和立法程序不完备,缺乏法的科学性、权威性和强制性。文章从思想认识、自治法规的立法体制、权限范围、批准程序和效力等级、民族立法理论研究和立法队伍建设等方面探究了造成上述问题的主要原因;在此基础上,从如何提高对民族立法工作重要性、必要性和紧迫性的认识,进一步理顺立法权限和立法体制,科学编制立法纲要、规划和计划,加强制度建设,建立健全民族立法民主化和科学化机制,加强民族立法理论研究和立法队伍建设等方面,提出了解决上述问题的具体措施;最后,强调了搞好民族立法工作必须正确处理的几个关系问题。     

发展完善民族区域自治制度的五个基本向度

当代中国构建民族区域自治制度的根本目的在于稳固国家主权和领土,并促进各民族和谐发展,核心内容则是围绕少数民族权益保护这条主线,依照国家宪法和民族区域自治法,在少数民族较为聚居的地方,建立少数民族的自治机关,行使自治权,自主地管理民族内部事务。可见,民族区域自治制度主要含有五个要素:少数民族、自治机关、自治权、自治法规、自治地方,这五个要素构成了民族区域自治制度的完整体系。文章从民族区域自治制度的内在结构出发,试图基于五个要素,提出当下进一步完善民族区域自治制度的可能方向。     

发展完善民族区域自治制度的五个基本向度

当代中国构建民族区域自治制度的根本目的在于稳固国家主权和领土,并促进各民族和谐发展,核心内容则是围绕少数民族权益保护这条主线,依照国家宪法和民族区域自治法,在少数民族较为聚居的地方,建立少数民族的自治机关,行使自治权,自主地管理民族内部事务.可见,民族区域自治制度主要含有五个要素:少数民族、自治机关、自治权、自治法规、自治地方,这五个要素构成了民族区域自治制度的完整体系.文章从民族区域自治制度的内在结构出发,试图基于五个要素,提出当下进一步完善民族区域自治制度的可能方向.     

刍议民族问题“去政治化”

近年来,国内学者发表了一系列的文章,主张用"文化化"取代"政治化"的政策导向,做为解决国内民族问题的"新思路"。笔者认为民族是社会存在的客观实体,有其自身产生、发展和消亡的规律;国内各族裔发展的不平衡性也是当前我国民族问题的基本国情。因此,尊重民族发展客观规律和国情实际,现阶段不宜提民族问题"去政治化"。从制度和法律层面做出合理的安排,理性地协调好公民和族裔双重身份之间的张力,才是解决当前民族问题的出路。     

民族区域自治权的宪政解读

自治权是民族区域自治与《民族区域自治法》的核心,是宪法赋予民族自治地方自治机关的法定权力民族自治地方的自治机关能否依法行使自治权,是考核民族地区宪政实施真伪的“试金石”。我国是单一制国家,国家权力集中于中央政府,地方各级政府统一服从中央政府的管辖。而民族地区宪政只是国家宪政结构的子系统,这决定了民族地区宪政建设必须要与国家的宪政结构相匹配,受国家宪政体制的制约,不能逾越国家宪政体制设定的边际。     

财政自治及其在中国的实践──兼论民族自治地方财政自治

文章从财政自治的基本内涵入手,考察了财政自治在西方发达国家的实现形式,同时紧密结合中国政治经济体制和政治发展的现状与趋势,重点阐述了财政自治在中国的实践及其类型,同时界定了民族自治地方财政自治权限及范围,论述了加强对民族自治地方财政自治研究的理论价值和现实意义,从而揭示了中央与地方关系发展的未来目标模式。     

中国民族区域自治的城市制度安排与制度创新

民族区域自治既包括农村区域自治 ,也包括城市区域自治。在城市化浪潮下 ,我国的民族区域自治正从以农村区域自治为主转向扩大城市区域自治的新阶段。城市化暴露了原以农村区域自治为主的民族区域自治制度的一些欠缺 ,即在城市区域自治的单位上 ,它仅有与自治区、自治州相适应的市 ,缺少与省、自治区、自治州相适应的自治市 ,不能满足中小民族、小聚居民族的城市区域自治的要求。在行政区划单位体系中增设自治市 ,是消解城市化与民族区域自治的矛盾与冲突的可行办法     

深刻认识中国民族区域自治制度的特点

民族区域自治有无特点以及有什么样的特点,无论是在社会中,还是在学术界,人们看法大相径庭,这在一定程度上影响了人们对民族区域自治制度的认识。文章分析了有关民族区域自治特点的各种观点,探讨了产生问题的主要原因,提出我国民族区域自治与内地非民族自治地方相比有四个方面的特点,与国外文化多元主义政策相比也有四个特点。     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

民族区域自治与多民族国家的政治整合

多民族国家是现代民主国家的普遍形式,在国家主权范围内选择自治模式是其重要的制度建构.民族区域自治基于一体与多元的制度设计,是中国多民族国家政治整合的基本制度架构.但在新的形势下,民族区域自治基于一体的制度创新不足与基于多元的制度创新不够,使得这一制度的政治整合功能尚未充分发挥.因此,创新民族区域自治制度,提升民族区域自治的制度化整合效能是当代中国实现多民族国家政治整合的现实路径.     

民族自治地方和谐发展的制度困境与变革导向——评《民族自治地方社会和谐的法治保障研究》

《民族自治地方社会和谐的法治保障研究》一书从多重视角分析了民族自治地方构建和谐社会面临的问题和困难,找准了完善我国民族自治制度的突破口——制度根源,对制定和完善国家民族政策及民族法制提出了的积极有效的建议。研究视角独特、观点新颖,不失为近年来民族政策和法制研究的杰作。其立论始于实证分析,结论归于具有操作性的意见,对于民族区域自治制度的完善以及少数民族人权的法律保护,均具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

关于西藏地区实行及建设区域自治的历史考察

依据相关史料,新中国在西藏地区实行区域自治有一个历史的过程。为实现西藏区域自治,中央始终坚持＂和平统一＂的基本方针。为此,党中央为促进达赖集团、班禅集团实现团结,变通规定,建立自治区筹委会,标志西藏地区实现了和平统一。1956年下半年,中央决定西藏六年内暂不改革;1957年3月初,中央再次决定西藏相关工作＂大下马＂,由自治区筹委会,实际上由旧西藏地方政府（噶厦）管理,实行＂区域自治＂。不过,该＂区域自治＂设置了＂区域管理＂、＂不能反对中央＂以及藏钞等不能进入其他藏区等规定。1959年3月,旧西藏地方政府违背这些规定,宣布＂独立＂,发动叛乱,反对中央。这迫使中央政府解散西藏旧地方政府、平息叛乱、改组筹委会,实行新的民族区域自治。     

论民族共治的理论基础与基本原理

本文通过对中国等多民族国家民族政治实践的考察，指出民族共治是与民族自治同时存在的事实，并通过对现代多民族国家民族政治理论和原理的论证与揭示，提出了“双向两层面民族共治”的命题。“双向共治”一是指参与管理，二是指接受管理；“两层面共治”一是指国家层面的管理，二是指民族自治地方层面的管理。民族共治是现时代民族发展和多民族国家统一建设的必然和合理要求，它与民族政治民主和共和“三位一体”，是现代多民族国家民族政治生活的纲领性命题，而“自治”、“参与”等少数民族政治权利诉求和保障则属于子目问题。     

民族区域自治制度的比较研究

文章对我国的民族区域自治制度与前苏联、东欧等社会主义国家的联邦制进行了比较研究,认为前苏联等社会主义国家之所以选择联邦制,其重要原因之一是上述国家各民族之间存在巨大差异,不具备建立单一制国家的条件;民族共和国联邦制作为缓和民族矛盾的产物,本身存在制度缺陷,因而在一定条件下又直接促成了上述国家的解体。我国自古以来就是一个统一的多民族国家,民族区域自治制度具有历史和现实的科学依据,是符合我国国情和各民族根本利益的政治制度,这是我们的政治优势,必须坚持,不能动摇。