论基于可持续发展的技术创新观

可持续发展离不开技术创新,技术创新作为社会发展的构成要素,也存在着一个可持续发展的问题。技术预见就是一种基于可持续发展的创新观,这种全新的观念在20世纪90年代提出后受到广泛关注。技术预见通过强调需求导向、强调相关利益主体的参与、强调预见结果的决策支持作用、强调对预见结果的跟踪和监控等来实现技术创新的可持续发展。     

论利益规则法律化

论利益规则法律化李玉基利益的非法律化处分一直是制约我国经济体制改革和市场建设的主要因素。承认利益规则建立、健全完善的利益法律机制，将利益规则上升为市场经济法律的基本原则，是现代市场经济发展的客观要求，也是市场法制建设的历史必然。利益规则法律化就是将现...     

《“区域”内矿物资源开发规章草案》中的数据保护规则演进与中国应对

数据是“区域”内矿物资源开发的关键要素,数据权益是新时代发展的权益,数据规则是平衡“区域”保护与开发的重要杠杆。数据规则涵盖数据流通规则、数据本地化规则、数据保护规则等。《“区域”内矿物资源开发规章草案》通过设置机密数据保护实体与程序条款确立了“区域”数据保护规则,其数据分享优先下有条件的数据保护规则设计引发承包者及利益攸关方就海洋数据权益保护的激烈讨论。海洋数据权益保护关系全球海洋治理与国家海洋权益实现。立足于我国海洋强国战略,从维护数据权益、优化数据利益分配、健全数据争议解决机制角度深入参与“区域”内数据保护规则制定,为海洋命运共同体视域下的海洋数据保护规则构建与完善贡献中国观点恰逢其时。     

《海牙-维斯比规则》的适用--评Mayhew Foods Limited v. Overseas Containers Ltd.案

《海牙—维斯比规则》是国际航运统一实体法的重要规则。准确理解其适用对保护当事人利益具有重要的作用。本文就该规则适用于何种航次作了分析,同时讨论了应该如何理解和适用《海牙—维斯比规则》的第1条第5项的规定。     

中日农产品贸易摩擦中日本利益团体的影响

近年来随着中日经贸关系的不断发展,日本出于保护本国竞争力处于劣势的农业基本考量,利用WTO相关规则,对华频频发动贸易战,而其背后日本农业方面的利益团体发挥了不可忽视的作用和影响力。充分而有效地利用WTO相关规则,加强与日本相关利益团体的交流与沟通,是避免贸易摩擦进一步扩大的重要途径。     

土地使用规则的不确定:一个解释框架(英文)

本文通过四个土地案例探索基层社会秩序的性质,并尝试对土地使用规则不能确定的原因做出解释。文章指出,在政治和法律各自的活动领域及活动原则未经区分(分化)的状况下,不存在包含确定性原则和限定性合法性声称的法律系统,而是有多种潜在的规则“等待”被社会合法化。规则被“选中”的最后结果受到执行者身份、阐释公共利益的能力以及力量对比因素的影响,但它只在一次事件中使用。这不是法治秩序,而是对‘治’的规则进行选择竞争的政治秩序。其性质在于:不是根据确定的标准辨认正当利益(是否有理的“根据原则”),而是根据力量对比取舍各种规则(是否有人的“力量原则”)。因此,土地使用规则随着利益、力量的变动而不确定。对照“法律衡量模式”,作者用“利益政治模式”表达这一社会秩序的特征。     

规则与权变:群体性事件及其处置中的政府责任

当前我国群体性事件的发生大多是因利益问题引起的,从根本上讲是由于快速社会转型导致的制度缺失和规则失范使无规则的利益博弈不断挑战社会的利益均衡而引起的.作为转型时期的政府特别是一些地方政府,面临着管理模式的转变,同样存在制度缺失和规则失范的窘境,同时由于作为利益主体参加利益博弈,行为也易变得无序和权变.这种情况使政府不能很好地处理当前的社会矛盾和社会问题,从而成为导致群体性事件发生的重要因素.治理群体性事件的根本措施在于进行制度建设以减少无序、失范和权变情况的发生.     

海权演变与国际制度的运用

"二战"后,国际制度及其运用成为海权演变的基本方面。海权的国际制度"资源"包括四种要素:国际海洋法、利益协调制度、安全互信制度和海军军控制度。这些制度的确立有助于实现国家间海洋利益的分配,或有助于国家对海洋利益的维护。海权中国际制度的"运用"包括两种模式,即"制衡"与"合作","制衡"模式是国家以制度抗衡他国扩大海洋利益的行为,包括直接制衡与间接制衡;"合作"模式是一国将其主张的规则与他国支持的规则相协调,包括法治合作、霸权合作和合作安全。     

大数据技术变革的伦理问题何以产生

大数据技术变革导致大数据时代的到来。大数据时代必然有自己的新伦理问题。大数据时代是一个透明的时代,必然导致隐私无处藏躲;大数据意味着大价值,大数据利益相关者之间难免存在利益矛盾;大数据能够充分利用相关关系来预见未来,大数据意味着大预测,我们的未来可能会被大数据设计和选择;大数据时代实现量化一切,但是可能导致数据独裁;大数据作为一项综合技术也难免会产生一定的异化。     

以国家总体安全为取向创树与践行中国海域开发大安全观

<正>党的十八大的胜利召开,习近平同志作为总书记和新一届国家主席,以积极的姿态认真履行党和人民赋予的权力与责任,面对风云变幻的国际形势,发生深刻变化的国内经济社会,多发叠加的社会矛盾,各种可以预见和难以预见的安全风险,注重增强忧患意识,做到居安思危。为此,习近平总书记在2015年1月23日主持召开的中共中央政治局会议上,审议通过了《国家安全战略纲要》。这是完善中国特色社会主义制度的现实要求,也是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的时代要求,更是有效维护国家安全与发展利益的迫切要求。根据这些要     

Rules Trump Desires in Preschoolers’ Predictions of Group Behavior

The objective of this article is to investigate the way children weigh conventional rules against desires when considering how a group will behave. To do so, two experiments involving a prediction task in which desires were pitted against conventional rules were presented to three‐ to five‐year‐old children. In Experiment 1, four scenarios were established as classroom scenes in which either one protagonist or three protagonists had a desire that went against an explicit conventional rule. In the individual control condition, the choices linked to the rules were at chance whereas, in the group condition, the participants predicted that all the protagonists would end up following the rule. Given that both conditions in Experiment 1 implied four rule followers in the design, Experiment 2 staged not three but seven potential rule transgressors to see whether the desire of the majority might undermine the rule. Results showed no majority effect: participants expected protagonists to act counter to their desire and to follow the rule. Such results suggest that children as young as three‐year‐old favor rules over desires when they have to predict the behavior of a group, whether it be the majority or not. Possible implications of these intriguing findings are discussed.     

论劳动教养制度的正当化

劳动教养制度是在特殊的历史背景下创建的,随着我国法治进程的推进和国际人权事业的发展,劳动教养制度与法治之间存在着严重的冲突。因此劳动教养问题亟需得到解决。从劳动教养正当化的角度对劳动教养制度的问题及其相关的方案进行分析,并从程序上进行司法设置,以求得劳动教养问题的合理解决。     

论世界历史语境下中国传统价值体系的现代转型

世界历史的发展构成了中国传统价值体系转型的历史背景。建立在封建小农经济基础上的中国传统价值体系表现出维护封建统治的守旧性和阻碍社会转型的保守性。当代中国价值体系的转型表现在方法原则的可行性、价值目标的世界性、发展道路的合规律性和发展动力的多元性。     

Parental Control and Affect as Predictors of Children's Display Rule Use and Social Competence with Peers

Seventy‐six fourth‐grade children and their parents participated in a study of the linkages among parental control and positive affect, children's display rule use, and children's social competence with peers. Using observational measures of parental behavior and children's display rule use, it was found that parental positive affect and control were related to children's display rule use (including both positive and negative responses). Moreover, the links between parental affect and control and children's social competence one year later (as rated by teachers and peers) were found to be mediated by children's display rule use. Finally, fathers’ behavior was found to be particularly important in the prediction of children's display rule use. The importance of fathers in children's social and emotional development and the importance of examining multiple parental behaviors are discussed.     

What price compromise?

This paper identifies, and tests experimentally, a prediction of the Nash bargaining axioms that may appear counterintuitive. The context is a simple bargaining problem in which two players have to agree a choice from three alternatives. One alternative favours one player and a second favours the other. The third is an apparently reasonable compromise, but is in fact precluded as an agreed choice by the Nash axioms. Experimental results show that agreement on this third alternative occurs rather often. Our subjects’ behaviour could be interpreted as the paying of an irrationally high price, according to the Nash axioms, in order to reach a compromise agreement.     

论我国的庭前审查程序改革

我国庭前审查程序没有能排除预断,也不利于庭审的准备和辩护权的保护.庭前审查程序功能在于防止公诉权的滥用和为审判作准备,审查范围限于性质较重的案件,审查模式有职权式与对抗制.我国庭前审查范围上限于重罪、功能上能分流案件、程序上有独立性并有利于庭审进行、审查方式为混合式,审查结果有救济机制.     

对孔子德治思想的再认识

针对奴隶制向封建制转型时期充满纷乱、冲突的社会现实,孔子提出"为政以德"的政治主张,认为政治必须建立在对人民进行道德教育和感化的基础上,同时特别强调德治的关键在于当政者的道德操持.孔子的德治思想饱含人道主义、民本政治因素,不仅对推动我国古代政治经济文化的发展进步起了主导作用,而且其合理内核部分对加强我国当前党风廉政建设、提高全民族道德素质、维护我国社会稳定仍具有较大的文化支持意义.     

Current issues in clinical research and the development of new pharmaceuticals

As a normal part of the drug development process, U.S. pharmaceutical companies conduct many thousands of clinical trials each year. Only after a reasonable assurance of safety is made can the drug be given to patients who have the underlying medical condition that the drug is designed to treat. Patient welfare is assured by adhering to the Food and Drug Administration's interpretation of the "common rule" if the data will be used to support a licensing application. 21 CFR Part 50 sets forth the regulations along with the principles of informed consent and the use of institutional review boards (IRBs) that assure patients' rights are protected. Any potential conflict of interest on the part of a clinical investigator must be reported to the FDA. Pharmaceutical companies extensively monitor ongoing clinical trials for compliance with appropriate regulations. The recent revision of the Declaration of Helsinki governing placebo-controlled clinical trials may adversely impact drug development.     

从制度伦理的发展看道德主体人格的成长

制度作为人类设计的制约人们相互行为的约束条件,是人类在共同体生活中博弈的内在规则。制度伦理从根本上说是为人的道德性存在立法。传统社会封建皇权制度下道德强调的是个人的依附性,个人权利缺位,是外在强加的形式化的道德;近现代工业文明背景下的制度伦理中个人主体性加强,但市场经济中"理性经济人"假设彰显的是"工具理性"和"个人理性",必然带来"价值理性"的退隐,引起个人与社会的冲突;当代社会公共领域扩大,在"政治国家"、"公民社会组织"、"市场"、"公民个人"四种力量博弈均衡之下的制度伦理,是个人发挥道德权利参与建构生成的,这种制度伦理作为新的道德规制范型,才是真实合理的实质化的道德。     

Current issues in clinical research and the development of new pharmaceuticals

As a normal part of the drug development process, U.S. pharmaceutical companies conduct many thousands of clinical trials each year. Only after a reasonable assurance of safety is made can the drug be given to patients who have the underlying medical condition that the drug is designed to treat. Patient welfare is assured by adhering to the Food and Drug Administration's interpretation of the “common rule”; if the data will be used to support a licensing application. 21 CFR Part 50 sets forth the regulations along with the principles of informed consent and the use of institutional review boards (IRBs) that assure patients’ rights are protected. Any potential conflict of interest on the part of a clinical investigator must be reported to the FDA. Pharmaceutical companies extensively monitor ongoing clinical trials for compliance with appropriate regulations. The recent revision of the Declaration of Helsinki governing placebo‐controlled clinical trials may adversely impact drug development