黑格尔论个别、特殊、普遍的辩证法

黑格尔的辩证法是马克思主义辩证法的理论来源。《逻辑学》是黑格尔辩证法的代表作,其内容之丰富、思想之深刻,达到了马克思主义哲学产生以前的辩证法发展史上的最高水平。马克思、恩格斯和列宁都十分重视研究《逻辑学》。马克思在《资本论》的写作中曾成功地运用了《逻辑学》的辩证方法。恩格斯在研究《逻辑学》之后,深刻地指出:“事实上,一切真实的、详尽无遗的认识都只在于:我们在思想中把个别的东西从个别性提高到特殊性,然后再从特殊性提高到普遍性”(《自然辩证法》第212页)。列宁则认为:“在《资本论》中,逻辑、辩证法和唯物主义的认…     

日本对毛泽东辩证法思想的研究

毛泽东辩证法思想这一宝贵的精神财富不仅属于中国,而且也属于全世界。了解和分析日本的毛泽东辩证法思想研究的态势和进展,对于我们研究和发展毛泽东辩证法思想,无疑是会有所裨益的。一、对毛泽东认识辩证法的研究日本对毛泽东认识辩证法的研究,主要体现于对《实践论》一书的研究。1950年1月29日,我国《人民日报》公开发表《实践论》,1951年4月,日本的《前卫》杂志第     

《国语》政治辩证法思想论略

本文认为，《国语》中的政治辩证法思想，源于《尚书》、《诗经》、古代的制度和已佚名的前人思想；此外，哲学辩证法思想和自然知识，也对它的形成产生了重要影响。但是，其思想的最重要来源，是对政治统治的经验教训的总结。作者从多方面论证了《国语》中的政治辩证法思想。     

列宁论科学发展观

在列宁看来,所谓科学发展观,就是新唯物主义的方法论和世界观,这种唯物主义既是实践的又是辩证的同时也是历史的,即他所指的“现代唯物主义”。发展观是否科学,关键看承认不承认事物的内在矛盾是事物运动、发展的源泉;承认不承认事物的运动、发展不仅有量变,而且有渐进过程的中断、飞跃、质变;科学发展观的规律不仅适用于人类社会,同时适用于自然界、人类认识与思维。列宁关于作为科学发展观的马克思主义哲学——唯物主义辩证法的思想,主要体现在他于1914—1915年在瑞士伯尔尼期间集中时间和精力研究哲学所留下的八个笔记本中,特别是其中比较完整的《辩证法的要素》、《谈谈辩证法问题》、《黑格尔辩证法(逻辑学)的纲要》和列宁关于那些应当构造认识论和辩证法的知识领域的原则性指示以及他在《再论工会、目前局势及托洛茨基同志和布哈林同志的错误》一文中提到的辩证逻辑的要求中。     

罗马尼亚哲学家论社会主义社会的矛盾问题

1980年春,罗马尼亚政治出版社出版了《社会主义社会的矛盾》一书.这是罗马尼亚社会政治科学院哲学研究所的一本集体论著,由扬·图多塞斯库和阿·卡扎库主编.全书分为《矛盾的一般理论及社会主义社会矛盾的特殊性》、《发展与矛盾——矛盾的表现领域》和《社会综合发展的辩证法——行动和决策在解决矛盾中的作用》三大部分.编者在序言中说:这     

坚持主要矛盾论 建设有中国特色的社会主义

党的十一届三中全会以来,全党把工作重点转移到社会主义现代化建设上来,这是党中央和邓小平同志坚持毛泽东提出的主要矛盾论、运用毛泽东辩证法思想的光辉范例。 毛泽东在《矛盾论》中,根据客观事物矛盾发展的不平衡性,提出关于主要矛盾的学说,这是他对马克思主义哲学的新发展和新贡献。毛泽东指出:“在复杂的事物的发展过程中,有许多矛盾存在,其中必有一种是主要的矛盾,由于它的存在和发展,规定或影响着其他矛盾的存在和发展。”(引自《矛盾论》。下文未注明引文出处的,都是引自《矛盾论》)     

《三分法论纲》十疑——与庞朴先生商榷

庞朴先生的《三分法论纲》所提的“三分法”不是辩证法的普遍形式 ,而只适用于形式逻辑的反对关系。从矛盾关系来说 ,事物只能二分 ,即一分为二     

矛盾根本属性初探

矛盾问题是辩证法的核心问题,研究辩证法,当然要首先明确何谓矛盾。长期以来,在我国哲学界存在着把矛盾等同于对立和斗争的看法,诸如:“可以把‘对立’和‘矛盾’在同一意义上使用”,因为“‘互相对立’表现了‘矛盾性’的最本质的关系”;“‘矛盾’只是‘反对’、‘对立’含义的抽象化,并不具备统一、一致的含义”;“矛盾本身有其自己的规定性,矛盾就是一种对立”;等等。我认为,这种看法是值得商榷的,下面谈点自己的认识。     

中国古代政治智慧精华的全新分析和总结--评《春秋战国政治辩证法思想研究》

在研究古代政治思想的学者中 ,吴显庆比较早地关注和深入地研究了中国古代的政治辩证法思想。《中国古代的政治智慧———春秋战国政治辩证法思想研究》(世界出版社 2 0 0 1年 4月出版 ) ,就是他十多年来对春秋战国政治辩证法思想研究成果的总结。中国古代的政治智慧集中表现为政治辩证法思想 ,这在今天仍然是一种不可忽视的政治资源。回顾数十年来的中国古代思想研究 ,还很少有人能够重视这方面的问题 ,更不用说对古代政治辩证法思想进行系统研究。阅读此书 ,可以留给人们以下几个方面的深刻印象。1 .观点和研究思路新颖 ,具有开拓性和创意…     

论马克思哲学中本体矛盾的认识方法

本文认为,要改造旧唯物主义在本体论观念上的形而上学,使之成为辩证法赖以建立的逻辑基础,必须引入矛盾分析,把本体概念的认识由抽象上升到具体的高度。例如把物质和运动的矛盾作为分析本体论的基本矛盾来认识便是一条出路。但是长期以来,物质和运动在实际上不可分割和在认识中对立演变的矛盾关系一直未被西方哲学自觉到。从古希腊早期的自然哲学到近代的科学哲学,就是在不自觉中将物质现象和运动现象分割开来认识,从而各自走向一个极端,在认识世界统一体的过程中陷入了两种本体论的对立。这种对世界完整本原缺乏自觉、分割对立的认识方式几乎贯穿了传统的西方哲学,造成了本体论和辩证法的割裂。黑格尔哲学通过对精神本体的矛盾分析展示了精神本体和辩证法的统一;而物质本体和辩证法的统一,马克思在《资本沦》中,是通过对物质和运动这一对矛盾的分析完成的。从中,我们也可以看到辩证唯物主义和实践观内在逻辑上的贯通。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.