我国政府经济职能转变的理论借鉴及其定位

积极有效地发挥政府的经济职能对经济的健康发展是不可或缺的。为了促进我国社会主义市场经济体制的不断完善,适应经济全球化的需要,我国政府经济职能必须及时转变,既要从那些需要由市场机制发挥作用的微观领域中退出,还权于市场,最大限度地压缩政府对资源的直接配置,给市场更多的发展空间,又要在“市场失灵”时积极、有效地进行干预,加强宏观调控。同时,既要强化战略引导职能,通过制定和实施产业政策,引导和调控产业发展方向,形成合理的产业结构,又要强化平衡协调功能,通过综合运用国家计划、财政政策和货币政策,保证社会总需求和总供给的基本平衡,实现经济与社会的和谐发展。     

当代经济规制理论的沿革与发展

随着经济体制市场化进程的加速 ,政府对微观经济主体的管理 ,越来越多地从直接干预国有经济主体的经营活动转向对全社会各类所有制的微观经济主体的市场行为进行规制。因此 ,经济体制改革的深化要求理论界加强微观经济规制理论的研究。对当代经济规制政策变迁有深刻影响的两类经济规制理论 :一是主张政府强化经济规制理论的沿革 ,简述了从早期的传统市场失灵论到消费者信息不完全理论和现代市场失灵论的发展脉络 ;二是主张政府简化规制理论的发展 ,概述了非市场组织理论、利益集团理论、政治企业家职能理论和新古典经济学的经济规制理论等新理论     

对中国市场化进程中政府失灵现象的重新思考

现代市场经济条件下普遍存在的政府失灵主要有两种类型，一为运行型政府失灵，一为制度型政府失灵。这两种政府失灵在市场化进程中的我国都有非常突出的表现，对我国市场经济体制的建立和完善有很大的负面作用。因此，采取切实措施，如实现政府经济职能的双向重构；提升中...     

关于社会主义市场中宏观调控的思考——从“市场失灵”与“政府失效”谈政府的宏观调控

关于社会主义市场中宏观调控的思考———从“市场失灵”与“政府失效”谈政府的宏观调控兰英市场经济是优化资源配置的有效方式。西方国家曾对现代市场的作用崇拜互极，对现代市场的神奇功效赞叹不已，西方经济鼻祖亚当、斯密对比作了形象的比喻———“看不见的手”。但...     

西方经济学家论政府经济职能：历史沿革与启示

从历史的角度看,无论是理论上还是实践上,政府经济职能的转换,主要取决于经济发展的需要。古典学派认为自由经济符合"自然秩序",存在"看不见的手";李斯特比喻政府就像"植树者",会在很短的时间营造森林;福利经济学派主张政府只有积极干预经济,才能解决社会福利问题;凯恩斯要求扩张政府职能;新自由主义则要求收缩政府职能,减少政府干预;新制度学派认为,尽管存在"市场失灵",但政府的过度干预会造成"政府失灵",所以,要在市场和政府之间保持平衡。以上观点对中国在新的历史时期有效实现政府职能的转变具有重要的启示意义。     

政府对股票市场干预途径的选择

政府对股票市场干预途径的选择谢富敏陈伟忠纵观各国股票市场的发展历史，各国无一例外均存在着政府对股票市场的干预行为：究其原因是股票市场上存在着市场失灵的因素（如：过度投机、欺诈等）。这些因素导致“看不见的手”无法使股票市场健康运行，从而显示政府干预的必...     

农业农村发展中的政府与市场、社会：一个分析框架

统筹城乡发展要求政府承担促进农业农村发展的责任。我国政府以国家干预、政府主导为特征的农业农村政策,在农业发展、农民增收和城乡协调发展等方面都已取得较大进展,但现有农业政策在提高农业生产率方面的限度日益显现。有鉴于此,急需构建一个政府调控和引导农业农村发展的新的分析框架,在其中,政府需要界分与市场、农村社会组织之间的行为边界,在充分尊重市场配置资源的基础性作用、尊重农村社会自主管理的基础上,体现政府职能的＂兜底＂特征;而且,政府在构建市场/社会运行的基本制度、匡正和补充市场/社会失灵、培育市场/社会主体等职能中需要进行逻辑先后排序。应用这一新分析框架,加强和改善政府对农业农村发展的调控和引导,就需要基于农业市场化取向改革农村基本经营制度和农业支持保护体系,注重对农业生产市场主体的培育;需要以政府为主体构建城乡一体化的基本公共服务体系,创新农村社会管理体制,充分调动社会力量参与公共事务治理;需要基于城乡一体化要求重构政府行政管理体制,确保农业农村发展政策的落实。     

住房金融中的宏观调控失灵问题及对策

当前我国保障性住房工作中存在着住房公积金覆盖面不广泛、保障机会不均、经济适用房和廉租房功能缺失、住房金融机构单一等等现象。究其原因主要是由于我国政府在住房金融问题上宏观调控失灵，导致宏观调控措施有时适得其反、宏观调控措施有时造成新的更大的垄断、政府土地储备制度和政府担保制度不完善等。防止政府宏观调控失灵的对策主要有：建立有效的法律体系、建立有效的住房保障机制、制约政府权力。     

促进我国房地产业健康发展的有效途径

目前我国房地产市场的发展现状总体上是健康的,但由于房地产经营风险高,稍有不慎就可能对国民经济产生不良影响。因此为了防止房地产业在快速发展的过程中出现不必要的波动。而调控的有效途径应是:规范政府市场主体行为,有效发挥政府宏观调控职能;充分发挥城市规划职能,规范建设用地管理,促进土地的合理使用;强化土地供应管理,严格控制土地供应总量;建立和完善相关的配套管理措施,为房地产市场的可持续发展创造良好的环境。     

经济法视野下国家经济调节职能运行模式

市场经济催生了国家经济调节职能,以市场经济是法治经济的逻辑为起点,国家经济调节职能必须通过法律授权政府或非政府组织依法实施。政府实现国家经济调节职能的行为必须严格遵循法律的设定和限制,以达成政府干预市场的本质是弥补市场缺陷,防止和克服政府履行国家经济调节职能的越权、怠权和过度干预的现象发生。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Microinsurance: A short history

Twenty years ago, the International Social Security Review published an article that introduced a new term to the vocabulary of development and social protection: Microinsurance. Now, twenty years later, it is suitable to take stock of the contribution of microinsurance towards promoting coverage and social security. The article reviews the main insights gained from 20 years of implementation, including a clear expression of the value proposition of health microinsurance, understanding the demand for microinsurance, the business process for successful implementation, and conditions that must be satisfied for scaling and sustainable operations. It also explains the context that led to a considerable divergence in the microinsurance space. The article offers a discussion of unresolved issues and thoughts about the future of microinsurance. The conclusion of this article is that microinsurance can flourish when the necessary four pillars for its implementation exist, namely mainstreaming through political support, enhanced insurance literacy of the customers, technical assistance to self‐administer the schemes, and availability of seed capital. The sufficient additional condition is that customers perceive microinsurance as offering welfare gains that cannot be obtained by other means.     

Culture,Place of Origin,and Service Delivery for Latino Older Adult Immigrants: The Case of Puerto Rican Older Adults

ABSTRACT

A conceptual model for the design and implementation of effective social services for Latino older adult immigrants in the United States is proposed in this article. Built on the stage-of-migration framework (Drachman, 1992 Drachman, D. 1992. A stage-of-migration framework for service to immigrant populations. Social Work, 37: 68–72. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the model presented shows how the premigration service experience of Latino older adults can be used as a basis for service design and implementation in the country of immigration. The case of Puerto Rican older adult immigrants is used to illustrate how the model can be applied to understand present service utilization and develop future programs that are useful and culturally sensitive for Latino older adult immigrants.     

Identifying Themes Regarding the Benefits and Limitations of Caregiver Support Group Conversations

Support groups continue to be one of the most needed and desired forms of help for family caregivers to persons with dementia. Though the effects of caregiver support group participation have been examined, the benefits and limitations of the dynamics of support group conversations have been neglected. This study focuses on the perceived consequences of group dynamics. Three themes—balance, sameness, and individuality—emerged through analysis of open-ended interviews with support group members following observations of their meetings. The consequences of these themes are illustrated with a case study and the implications of these themes for practitioners are discussed.     

Sonic Armatures

ABSTRACT

This article traces the construction of an acoustic regime in Renaissance Florence that was based on the casting, placement, and ringing of civic bells. In confronting the formidable but mute power of the defensive towers that dominated the city's skyline in the late middle ages, successive republican governments regulated these private towers with legislative restrictions while transforming them into a speaking architecture. The new civic bell towers played a crucial, if hitherto neglected role in the struggle to create the Florentine republic, which was the political ground upon which the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance was founded. In contrast to the more antagonistic urbanistic policies that Florentine governments used to combat their enemies, however, the ringing of civic bells exploited the unifying power of religious bells—a power embedded in their role in uniting people into spiritual communities—to integrate its ideals, laws, and institutions into the soundscape of the city. As a result, the sonic armature created by these bells can be read as an evolving attempt to bind the social body to its architectural environment and to create a universal civic society that transcended more localized loyalties and whose existence guaranteed the legitimacy of its ruling bodies.     

时间与海德格尔的“时间性”

本文不是试图对海德格尔进行解释 ,而是试图从文本本身的角度质疑《存在与时间》中概念的矛盾性。《存在与时间》建立了一种新的 ,关于时间始源性问题的学说。时间的始源 ,被海德格尔称为“时间性”。时间性在此在分析中有中心地位 ,对时间作出了新的解释。然而时间性本身却是一个矛盾概念。时间性源于死的本真性 ;死所以是最本真的 ,因为死是必须此在自己去承担的存在可能性。如果以是否自己去承担为标准 ,那么此在能承担的存在可能性并不只有死。所以死不可能是最本真的。因而 ,时间性也不可能是始源性的时间学说。文章通过对时间性的分析指出 ,时间性学说是建立在对于时间的一般理解之上的。