组合拍卖竞胜标确定问题的优化方法综述

由于当今组合拍卖在电子商务的理论和实践中具有极其重要意义,因此,国外关于组合拍卖竞胜标确定问题优化方法的研究近年来有了较大的发展。本文根据收集到的丰富资料,对求解这一问题的精确算法、近似算法和启发式算法的最新发展进行综述,并提出了该问题未来的研究方向。     

多物品最优组合供应模式确定问题的模型研究

电子商务B2B反向拍卖采购模式能够为采购方在价格竞争条件下提供更广泛的产品和服务,因此这种采购模式将会更加灵活.本文首先提出了电子商务B2B采购合同的反向组合拍卖机制,然后建立了反向组合拍卖的多物品最优组合供应模式确定问题的数学模型,并设计了求解该模型的两级优化算法,最后以应用实例说明了模型的普适性和算法的有效性.     

拍卖理论的研究内容、方法与展望

自从1956年Friedman发表了第一篇关于拍卖理论的文献以来,拍卖理论得到了长足的发展.1964年Vickrey提出的基准点模型和收入等价原理成为了拍卖理论研究的基石.经历了近50年的研究,拍卖理论的研究体系已经形成,研究成果相当丰富,特别是随着电子商务的发展,各国学者把更多的精力放在了网上拍卖理论的研究.该文将在系统分析、介绍拍卖理论的基础上,提出网上拍卖理论的研究内容与方法,以与有兴趣从事该领域研究的学者共同建立一个认识框架.     

拍卖理论的最新进展——多属性网上拍卖研究

作为一种古老的价格发现机制,拍卖作为一种理论被学者研究的时间并不长,但这种古老的机制却在网络的大潮中发挥了它的用武之地.电子商务的发展给了拍卖以勃勃生机,网上拍卖迅速成为了一种非常活跃的商务模式.但是网上拍卖理论相对匮乏,特别是网上拍卖模型的设计非常少.本文将首先对拍卖理论进行综述,然后给出一个网上拍卖的一般模型,提出一种模糊环境下的多属性网上拍卖机制,最后展望该领域的研究前景.     

基于幂效用函数的多属性英式拍卖研究

以采购问题为背景研究多属性拍卖问题,其中拍卖问题的特点是：（1）包含任意有限个属性;（2）买卖双方的效用函数均具有加性结构,且在除价格以外的单个属性上,买方的效用函数和卖方的成本函数均为一般幂函数形式。首先,设计了一种买方事先公布评分函数而卖方轮流提交投标的多属性英式拍卖机制;其次,在卖方对称的假设下分析了拍卖机制中的最优投标策略,确定了最优投标价格和最优非价格属性值;然后,分析得出了最具成本优势的卖方最终胜出的条件以及最优多属性投标;最后,计算了该拍卖机制中买方的期望收益,并求出了使其期望收益最大化的最优评分函数权重。     

关键字广告位拍卖的收益等价性研究

拍卖是搜索引擎提供商为关键字广告位定价的新形式,实践中演化出了多种具体的拍卖操作方式.本文分析了在两种典型的不同拍卖形式-投标信息公开与不公开方式下,以及投标者具有不同的信息结构、关键字广告位和投标者人数相对数量不同等情形下,Winner-pay和All-pay支付规则下拍卖收益的大小,对比研究得出了在两种支付规则下卖方收益相等的结论.其中,投标者具有不完全信息的情况下,本文结论的两个特例分别是单物品和同质多物品拍卖在两种支付规则下拍卖收益相等,因此该研究结论扩展了已有的研究结论.     

网上拍卖销售与逆向拍卖采购下的库存管理

以电子商务为背景研究网上拍卖销售与逆向拍卖采购下的库存管理。在该问题中,零售商一方面利用网上拍卖销售产品,另一方面利用逆向拍卖进行采购。对于单阶段情形,证明网上拍卖下零售商的期望收益函数是采购量的严格递增的凹函数,从而得到零售商的最优采购策略和供应商的最优投标策略。对于多阶段情形,利用马尔可夫决策过程理论建立该问题的最优控制模型,得到零售商的最优采购策略和供应商的贝叶斯-纳什均衡投标策略均与基本库存策略相类似。     

层次交互式多属性电子拍卖中标人选择方法

供应商选择问题是学术界和工业界十分关注的优化决策问题,随着知识和信息的快速增长,电子商务环境日趋复杂,采供双方均要求增加交互以实现信息共享.多属性电子拍卖是一种有效的采购机制,为解决多属性电子拍卖中标人选择问题,提出层次交互式协同群决策方法,该方法基于属性重要度设置权重,依据属性权重分层,采购方与众投标供应商分层递推交互,协同进化群体决策;建立决策模型,设计了算法,并通过实例说明该方法的合理性和有效性.     

允许不完全拍卖的多轮逆向组合拍卖机制

物品之间的互补性和替代性使得逆向组合拍卖成为较为有效的采购方式．设计了一种允许不完全拍卖的多轮逆向组合拍卖机制,并设计了基于预处理规则的改进最大 － 最小蚁群算法( MMAS) ———PRIM( preprocessing rules-based improved MMAS) ,求解每轮的胜标确定问题． 结果表明,允许不完全拍卖的多轮拍卖机制能够显著地降低采购成本．     

基于整数规划方法的组合双向拍卖最优化模型

组合双向拍卖是组合拍卖和双向拍卖的组合。与组合拍卖或双向拍卖相比,组合双向拍卖问题更加复杂,目前对它的研究也较少。本文运用整数规划的方法建立了一个组合双向拍卖问题的一般化模型,并通过逐步转化,把组合双向拍卖简化为单边拍卖,有助于利用求解单边拍卖的方法来求解复杂的双向拍卖问题,使这一问题的研究得到了简化。     

Optimal Auction with Resale

This paper investigates the design of seller–optimal auctions when winning bidders can attempt to resell the good. In that case, the optimal allocation characterized by Myerson (1981) cannot be achieved without resale. I find a sufficient and necessary condition for sincere bidding given the possibility of resale. In two–bidder cases, I prove that the Myerson allocation can be achieved under standard conditions supplemented with two assumptions. With three or more bidders, achieving the Myerson allocation is more difficult. I prove that it can be implemented in special cases. In those cases, the Myerson allocation is generated through a sequence of resale auctions, each optimally chosen by a reseller.     

Reputation and Mechanism Choice in Procurement Auctions: An Experiment

We experimentally study the role of reputation in procurement using two common mechanisms: price‐based and buyer‐determined auctions. While buyers are bound to buy from the lowest bidder in price‐based auctions, they can choose between bidders in buyer‐determined auctions. Only the latter buyers can consider the reputation of bidders. We find that bidders supply higher quality in buyer‐determined auctions leading to higher market efficiencies in these auctions. Accordingly, buyers prefer the buyer‐determined auction over the price‐based auction, while only half of the bidders do so. A more detailed analysis of buyers' and bidders' behavior and profits provides insights into their mechanism choice.     

增价拍卖中投标者跳跃报价的收益效应研究

跳跃投标是增价拍卖一种普遍现象,而跳跃投标是否会带来投标方的期望收益的增加是一个值得关注的问题。通过运用博弈论方法,分别寻找单物品和多物品拍卖两种情形下的跳跃报价均衡,计算出跳跃报价均衡下的投标方期望收益,并将其结果与非跳跃报价情形进行比较,给出了投标方希望通过跳跃出价改善其期望收益的一般条件。     

An Experimental Investigation of Procurement Auctions with Asymmetric Sellers

Electronic reverse auctions are a commonly used procurement mechanism. Research to date has focused on suppliers who are ex ante symmetric in that their costs are drawn from a common distribution. However, in many cases, a seller's range of potential costs depends on their own operations, location, or economies of scale and scope. Thus, understanding how different bidder types impact auction outcomes is key when designing an auction. This study reports the results of the first controlled laboratory experiment designed to compare prices between first‐price and second‐price procurement auctions for homogeneous goods when seller cost types are asymmetric and the number of bidders varies. The results indicate that first‐price auctions generate lower prices regardless of market composition. The results also reveal that first‐price auctions are at least weakly more efficient than second‐price auctions despite the theoretical prediction that the reverse should hold in asymmetric auctions. Post hoc analysis of individual bidders' behavior in first‐price auctions revealed evidence that bidders systematically underbid when their cost realizations were close to the lower bound. Furthermore, bidders adjust their behavior based on the type of the other bidders in the market in a manner inconsistent with theory. Consequently, adding a third bidder to a two‐bidder market is not advantageous to the buyer unless that third bidder is a low‐cost type.     

Behavior in Multi‐Unit Demand Auctions: Experiments with Uniform Price and Dynamic Vickrey Auctions

We experimentally investigate the sensitivity of bidders demanding multiple units of a homogeneous commodity to the demand reduction incentives inherent in uniform price auctions. There is substantial demand reduction in both sealed bid and ascending price clock auctions with feedback regarding rivals' drop‐out prices. Although both auctions have the same normal form representation, bidding is much closer to equilibrium in the ascending price auctions. We explore the behavioral process underlying these differences along with dynamic Vickrey auctions designed to eliminate the inefficiencies resulting from demand reduction in the uniform price auctions.     

On the Existence of Pure Strategy Monotone Equilibria in Asymmetric First‐Price Auctions

We establish the existence of pure strategy equilibria in monotone bidding functions in first‐price auctions with asymmetric bidders, interdependent values, and affiliated one‐dimensional signals. By extending a monotonicity result due to Milgrom and Weber (1982), we show that single crossing can fail only when ties occur at winning bids or when bids are individually irrational. We avoid these problems by considering limits of ever finer finite bid sets such that no two bidders have a common serious bid, and by recalling that single crossing is needed only at individually rational bids. Two examples suggest that our results cannot be extended to multidimensional signals or to second‐price auctions.     

向下降价秒杀中顾客秒杀策略以及卖方期望收益分析

本文以流星秒杀网采用的向下降价秒杀规则为研究对象,分析了顾客参与秒杀的均衡策略以及卖方获得的期望收益;在此基础上,将向上加价秒杀与向下降价秒杀进行了对比;最后,讨论了秒杀起始价、价格下降幅度以及投标费用对卖方期望收益的影响,并得到了一些结论。     

Market Good Flexibility in Capacity Auctions

We consider the allocation of limited production capacity among several competing agents through auctions. Our focus is on the contribution of flexibility in market good design to effective capacity allocation. The application studied is a capacity allocation problem involving several agents, each with a job, and a facility owner. Each agent generates revenue by purchasing capacity and scheduling its job at the facility. Ascending auctions with various market good designs are compared. We introduce a new market good that provides greater flexibility than those previously considered in the literature. We allow ask prices to depend both on agents’ utility functions and on the number of bids at the previous round of the auction, in order to model and resolve resource conflicts. We develop both optimal and heuristic solution procedures for the winner determination problem. Our computational study shows that flexibility in market good design typically increases system value within auctions. A further increase is achieved if each agent is allowed to bid for multiple market goods at each round. On average, the multiple flexible market goods auction provides over 95% of the system value found by centralized planning.     

Identification and Inference in Ascending Auctions With Correlated Private Values

We introduce and apply a new nonparametric approach to identification and inference on data from ascending auctions. We exploit variation in the number of bidders across auctions to nonparametrically identify useful bounds on seller profit and bidder surplus using a general model of correlated private values that nests the standard independent private values (IPV) model. We also translate our identified bounds into closed form and asymptotically valid confidence intervals for several economic measures of interest. Applying our methods to much studied U.S. Forest Service timber auctions, we find evidence of correlation among values after controlling for a rich vector of relevant auction covariates; this correlation causes expected profit, the profit‐maximizing reserve price, and bidder surplus to be substantially lower than conventional (IPV) analysis of the data would suggest.     

一类网上英式拍卖：顾客投标行为研究

网上拍卖作为一种新型营销手段正在越演越烈,在电子商务中举足轻重.网上拍卖结合传统拍卖与IT技术,有其独特性,文章以eBay为背景,研究一类有代理的网上英式拍卖,其中顾客逐个到达,卖方可以设置保留价也可以不设置保留价.具体分析了此类网上拍卖的动态进程.基此,在对顾客的到达过程与估价分布函数不作具体假设的一般情形下,证明了对于个人价值独立模型,顾客一到达就报价且报实价为占优战略.进而,将此与文献中关于关联价值模型下的均衡投标策略进行了比较分析,并解释了网上拍卖实践中的一些现象.