市场获得与中国劳动力迁徙的边界效应

本研究纳入新经济地理的新型要素——市场获得。试图建立影响劳动力迁徙动力机制的新坐标。利用1998-2008年期间中国劳动力跨区域流动样本数据,本文经验验证了“市场获得一要素报酬一迁徙”的倒“U”关联机制,发现我国早期市场获得对劳动力由外围区向中心区迁徙的贡献显著,并决定了“中心一外围”的地区竞争格局。内部二元经济结构走向“刘易斯拐点”。进而“人口红利”消退,这均迫使“市场获得一迁徙”正向关联机制趋于弱化;研究估算出我国劳动力要素跨区域迁徙的隐性壁垒（边界效应值）为3．94;且边界效应由东向西呈现出阶梯型上升的区域差异态势：劳动力要素市场呈现出中心区相对开放,外围区相对闭塞的局面,而引力型政策和保障性政策分别成为了劳动力跨区域迁徙的拉力和阻力。政府的配套政策应该保障自由市场和生产要素跨区域有效配置,在实现我国区域“中心一外围”格局走向均衡化发展的同时,继续维护中国工业生产的要素竞争力。     

农村劳动力区域性流动特征及其对粮食供求格局的影响

文章在总结中国农村劳动力跨区域流动的表现特征及成因的基础上,分析了当前农村劳动力跨区域流动对粮食供求格局造成的影响,探讨了农村劳动力跨区域流动与粮食供求区域均衡之间的关系,并基于构建的中国粮食供求区域均衡模型实证模拟了未来农村劳动力跨区域流动对粮食供求格局可能造成的潜在影响。分析结果表明,农村劳动力跨区域流动会影响粮食主产区和粮食主销区的粮食供求均衡格局。实证模拟结果表明,随着中国区域经济发展差异的进一步凸现,经济发达地区尤其是作为粮食主销区的广东、浙江、上海、北京的粮食产需缺口会进一步加大,粮食供求区域失衡程度可能将会更加严重。     

市场潜能、有效边界与中国劳动力市场效率

文章基于新经济地理学D-S理论框架与空间计量方法,采用2012-2014年中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)微观样本和省域面板数据构建多层次回归模型,从劳动者工资和就业二元视角界定我国劳动力市场的市场潜能空间边界。研究发现在全域空间上,市场潜能显著提升了我国劳动者工资和就业水平,给劳动力市场带来"双重利好";在局域空间上,随着省域间隔距离增加,市场潜能难以持续发挥对劳动力市场的空间效应,在一定半径范围呈现出"边界效应"。分组来看,市场潜能对沿海地区的工资增收效应最大,其次是沿边和内陆地区,对于就业水平的改善在内陆地区最为显著;扩大市场潜能将有助于缩小高、低人力资本聚集区域的工资水平差距,改善低人力资本区域和群体的就业水平,不过市场潜能对高、低人力资本群体产生了工资"临界分割效应";高速铁路相对于普通铁路产生的"地理收缩效应"进一步提升了市场潜能对劳动者就业的边际增长效应,对劳动者工资边际增长效应弱于普通铁路时期,但整体效应仍然显著为正。综合而言,突破市场潜能有效边界进行"空间重塑"以及在有效边界内进行"空间修复",有效调节地区之间由于市场潜能差异而导致的工资水平和就业增长的差距,从而从整体上提升我国劳动力市场效率。     

产业智能化与区域就业质量——基于中国省域静态面板和空间面板视角

以智能技术和产业融合为表征的产业智能化改变了企业生产模式选择，并对劳动力市场产生冲击。在分析产业智能化对劳动力就业质量影响机理基础上，利用中国除西藏外30省份（市、自治区）的面板数据，实证检验产业智能化对劳动力就业质量的影响及空间溢出效应。结果表明：第一，产业智能化显著提升了区域劳动力就业质量，且在缓解内生性、替换关键指标及模型误设检验等一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立；第二，分维度考察发现，产业智能化显著提升就业报酬并改善了就业环境，与“素质教育”类就业能力形成互补关系，但对就业保护力度的影响不明显。第三，基于不同地区资源禀赋条件，研究发现产业智能化对高技术密集度以及高劳动者维权力度地区就业质量的提升效应更显著；第四，基于空间杜宾模型分析表明，就业质量不存在显著的空间关联性，但产业智能化对就业质量会产生显著的正向空间溢出效应。政府应助推产业智能化关键技术研发，促进职业教育体系深化改革，并加强区域间智能技术的合作与交流，以期形成产业智能化协同发展机制，助力高质量就业的实现。     

新经济地理学视角下的劳动力跨省转移机制研究--以长三角城市群为例

新经济地理学理论认为劳动力出于商品多样性偏好和节约商品运输成本的目的集聚于厂商集聚的地区。文章以长三角城市群为例,利用第六次人口普查数据和NEG模型研究了劳动力流动跨省迁移的影响因素,着重考察了市场潜能对劳动力跨省迁移的作用。研究发现：市场潜能对劳动力跨省迁移有显著的正向效应,从而证明了新经济地理学的“前向联系”;地理距离对劳动力跨省迁移有弱化效应,但没有通过显著性检验;工资水平、就业率、边界效应对劳动力跨省迁移有显著的正向效应。     

数字经济赋能劳动生产率的收敛效应——基于人口红利转变的视角

文章基于人口红利转变的视角，利用中国省际面板数据实证分析数字经济对劳动生产率收敛的影响。研究发现：（1）在研究时段内，数字经济总体上并未引发生产率悖论问题，不仅加速了劳动生产率的增长，而且促进了劳动生产率的收敛。（2）数字经济赋能劳动生产率收敛的强化效应主要源自产业数字化及其对服务业劳动生产率的影响。（3）从劳动力就业的角度来看，数字经济产生的就业创造效应和就业替代效应可以通过优化劳动力就业结构促进劳动生产率的收敛。（4）伴随人口红利的转变，数字经济对劳动生产率收敛的影响存在显著的单门槛效应，当人口红利水平越过门槛值后，数字经济赋能劳动生产率收敛的强化作用呈现出明显的边际递增特征，即数字经济发展可以消解人口红利衰减对劳动生产率收敛的潜在冲击。文章认为，在人口红利转变的现实背景下，数字经济发展在抬高劳动生产率收敛水平的同时，也能促使区域劳动生产率加速向自身平衡增长路径上靠拢，从而有利于推动区域实现高质量协调发展。     

劳动力流动对农户多维相对贫困的影响研究

劳动力流动能够提高资源配置效率，带动农村家庭增收致富，从而为实现共同富裕目标奠定基础。文章基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2014～2018年数据，首先利用A-F方法从收入、教育、健康、资产、住房、生活水平、社会保障、主观态度八个维度对农户多维相对贫困剥夺得分进行测度，利用面板双向固定效应、倾向匹配得分法实证劳动力流动对农户多维相对贫困的影响。其次，将流动的劳动力是否有资金汇回纳入分析框架，进一步佐证劳动力流动的减贫效应。再次，采用中介效应模型研究劳动力流动对农户多维相对贫困的社会资本减贫机制。最后，利用面板随机Probit模型从单个维度分别探究劳动力流动的减贫效应及其异质性。研究发现：（1）无论流动的劳动力是否有资金汇回，劳动力流动能够显著缓解农户多维相对贫困且具有稳健性。（2）劳动力流动可以通过扩大其社会关系网络和社会声望缓解农户多维相对贫困。（3）劳动力流动显著缓解除教育以外物质层面的贫困维度，但加剧了社会保障及主观态度维度的贫困。（4）劳动力流动增加了低人力资本水平农村家庭及中年期、老年期农村家庭陷入社会保障维度贫困的概率，降低了青年期家庭陷入社会保障维度贫困的概率，增加了中、...     

跨区域流动的农村劳动力的年龄差异

跨区域流动的农村劳动力的年龄差异张晓辉，武志刚，陈良彪１．引言年龄对人们的社会经济活动有着无法忽略的影响。农村劳动力在跨区域流动的过程中，其外出方式、就业领域、职业选择、流动稳定性、收入水平以及对环境的感觉等等，究竟在多大程度上受到年龄因素的影响，是...     

基于广义人口结构的区域劳动生产率差异分析

人口结构变动通过作用于物质资本和人力资本积累影响区域劳动生产率.本文采用中国1993-2014年29个省份的面板数据,对从人口年龄、性别、城乡分布以及受教育程度四个方面所衡量的广义人口结构对区域劳动生产率的影响进行了实证研究.结果发现,人口结构对劳动生产率的影响在东、中、西部三大区域存在较大差异,其中少儿抚养比下降、老年抚养比上升带来的正向影响仅在东部和西部地区显著,人口城镇化为东部地区带来正向效应,却对西部地区产生抑制作用.高中教育对劳动生产率没有明显的推动作用,大专及以上高等教育则带来了正向影响.研究还发现,性别比例在中部地区导致劳动生产率呈现倒"U"型的变动过程,而其在西部地区则表现为"U"型的变动过程.由此,隐含的政策含义是:提高劳动生产率、缩小地区差异,有必要进一步放开生育政策,提高女性劳动力占比,均衡男女边际生产率,积极推进欠发达地区就近城镇化.     

老龄化背景下的人口红利开发与经济发展

本文分析人口加速老龄化背景下人口红利影响经济效益的作用机制,将人口红利的具体作用机制拆分为三个效应,并使用2001—2010年中国285个地级及地级以上城市面板数据进行实证检验。计量估计显示,劳动力数量结构与人均产出间存在明显的正U型关系,劳动力的数量结构仍是人均产出提高的重要动力,中部地区作用最为显著,而东部地区劳动力成本上升倒逼经济转型。通过劳动力的跨部门、跨区域转移、加强人力资本投入以及产业结构升级等,可以进一步实现劳动力资源的优化配置,持续开发人口红利。     

中国第三条农村城镇化道路探索--基于劳动力供给视角

当前中国以异地化转移的城镇化模式已暴露出众多的问题,这种以人口非家庭式迁移和异地转移为主要特点的城镇化发展模式不可持续,必须予以改变。通过对中国第三条农村城镇化道路进行探索可知,以企业战略推动的统筹发展型就地城镇化模式能够弥补前两条道路的不足,可以实现整村、全家同步转移,农民到市民一步的转换,具有多元正效应。在就地转移的第三条道路中,个体的搜寻成本、心理成本、交通成本和住房成本明显低于第二条道路中相应的成本,而生活成本和学习成本则相差不大。将个体劳动供给经典模型进行扩展可知,当工作时间相同时,第三条道路的劳动者个体拥有较高的实际收入和效用水平;从家庭效用模型中也可发现,家庭部门愿意提供的就地转移劳动数量要多于异地转移劳动数量,其更倾向于第三条道路下的就地转移方式。     

Combining employment and parenthood: A longitudinal study of intentions of Dutch young adults

This paper examines the intentions of Dutch males and females with regard to combining paid employment and parenthood. Four models of how couples combine these roles are distinguished. Panel data from a representative survey among Dutch young adults show that the traditional model (the female takes care of the children and the male works full-time) is becoming less popular, whereas the supplementary model (the female takes care of the children and supplements the labor force participation of the male), and the egalitarian model (both partners share paid labor more or less equally) are becoming more popular. The no-child model is preferred by about 10% of the respondents. A multivariate analysis shows that both job characteristics, like the flexibility of working hours, and gender role attitudes are important predictors of intentions with regard to combining family and work roles.     

The Future Composition of the Canadian Labor Force: A Microsimulation Projection

This article charts the future transformations of the Canadian labor force population using a microsimulation projection model. The model takes into account differentials in demographic behavior and labor force participation of individuals according to their ethnocultural and educational characteristics. As a result of a rapid fall in fertility, the Canadian population is expected to age rapidly as baby boomers start to retire from the labor market in large numbers. In response to declining fertility, Canada raised its immigration intake at the end of the 1980s, and immigration is now the main driver of Canadian population growth. At the same time, immigrants to Canada are becoming more culturally diversified. Over the last half century, the main source regions have shifted from Europe to Asia. Results of the microsimulation show that Canada's labor force population will continue to increase, but at a slower rate than in the recent past. By 2031, almost one third of the country's total labor force could be foreign‐born, and almost all its future increase is expected to be among university graduates, while the less‐educated labor force is projected to decline.     

International labor migration and domestic labor supply

Prominent among the variety of issues raised by the immigration of labor are its effects on domestic wage rates and labor supply. In contrast to the existing literature, this paper constructs a dynamic, general equilibrium framework to study the relationship between international labor migration and domestic labor supply. The general equilibrium nature of the model enables us to endogenize the pattern of labor migration. The effect of labor migration on domestic wage rates and labor supply is shown to depend on the pattern of labor migration. If the substitution effect dominates the income effect in labor supply, the domestic supply of labor necessarily decreases in response to an inflow of migrants. This happens even if immigrants, through their savings behavior, cause an increase in the domestic capital-labor ratio and wage rate. Similarly, if the dominant effect is the income effect, the immigration of labor necessarily increases the domestic supply of labor.I wish to thank Oded Galor, Harl Ryder, Kalpana Kochhar and two referees for valuable comments. The opinions expressed in this paper are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of Joel Popkin and Company.     

中国劳动力市场空间分异研究

随着我国经济转型和体制转轨,作为三大生产要素之一的劳动力市场逐渐发育.本文首先提出我国劳动力市场主要指标体系,然后探讨劳动力市场地域分异规律,进而分析失业率和工资收入区域差异的形成机理.最后,提出缩小劳动力市场区域差距的对策建议.     

Income prospects and age-at-marriage

This paper provides an empirical investigation of a theoretical model of the marriage market. In the model, women are valued more for their ability to bear children and men are valued more for their ability to make money. Men cannot reveal their labor market ability to potential spouses until they enter the labor force. At the same time, the relevant information for evaluating females as spouses is revealed at a younger age. The model predicts that the income of males will be positively associated with age-at-first-marriage. We find empirical support for the model. However, we also find the association between male earnings and age-at-first-marriage becomes negative for those who married after age 30, which was not predicted by the model. Consistent with the model, we do not find a strong relationship between earnings and age-at-first-marriage among females. JEL classification: J1, J12 Received August 11, 1994 / Accepted August 10, 1995     

Immigration Selection and the Educational Composition of the US Labor Force

Immigration policy is often viewed as an important regulator of the flow of labor and human capital into the labor market. In the US context, this perspective underlies efforts to raise the educational levels of newly admitted US immigrants, which has been proposed through a variety of mechanisms. Yet it remains unclear whether and under what circumstances such changes would significantly raise the educational level of the US labor force. We use a microsimulation model to evaluate the effects of various policy proposals that would seek to admit more highly educated immigrants. Results suggest that adopting a Canadian-style admissions policy that explicitly selects immigrants based on educational attainment would lead to a better educated labor force, especially among immigrants and their descendants. Eliminating all unauthorized immigration or family reunification and diversity admission categories, however, would have minimal impact. Additionally, the effects of all policy scenarios on the educational composition of the entire labor force are likely to be modest and would be conditional on the continuation of intergenerational mobility and high levels of immigration.     

不同年龄组流动人口劳动生产率的差异 ——基于2015年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据的分析

基于2015年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,采用明瑟工资方程研究了受教育程度和工作经验对不同年龄组流动人口劳动生产率影响的差异问题。结果表明:不同年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率呈倒“U”型分布,30—34岁年龄组的流动人口劳动生产率最高;从总体上看,受教育程度几乎对各个年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率均具有显著的正向影响,且对25—29岁年龄组的影响最大,随着年龄的上升,受教育程度对流动人口劳动生产率的影响呈先递增后递减的趋势,对55岁及以上年龄组的影响不再显著;工作经验仅对15—24岁年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率具有显著的正向影响,对30岁及以上年龄组的影响则显著为负,且工作经验与部分年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率呈“U”型关系。此外,性别、户口类型、流动范围、就业身份、婚姻状况和职业属性等社会基本特征变量对大部分年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率均具有显著的正向影响。     

中国劳动力流动的一般性与特殊性研究

近年来,劳动力在地区间抑或城乡间的流动成为劳动经济学、发展经济学,乃至产业经济学和区域经济学的重要研究课题。从世界经济的发展经验与规律来看,这种流动是经济发展过程中必然出现的经济现象。然而,在中国,劳动力流动呈现出何种特征？与世界发达国家以及其他发展中国家具有什么样的共性？又具有哪些差异化的内涵特征和理论含义？这构成本文研究的核心主题,以期弥补已有研究在这一领域的不足乃至空白的现状,更期望为中国劳动力流动的经济效应、福利效应以及相关的制度安排与宏观经济政策等方面的研究奠定基础并有所启示。     

Time series analysis of fertility and female labor market behavior

Cointegration methods are employed to investigate relations among total fertility, female wages, labor force participation, educational attainment, and male relative cohort size. Two long run relations among the series are found, and these are identified as a fertility and a labor supply equation. All covariates enter into these relations with significant coefficients and theoretically plausible signs. Innovation analysis shows that both fertility and female labor force participation respond to changes in relative cohort size in directions consistent with the Easterlin hypothesis. Female labor force participation responds significantly to fertility shocks, but reverse effects are insignificant.All correspondence to Robert McNown. The authors wish to thank Cristobal Ridao-Cano, Kenneth Land, Alessandro Cigno, and an anonymous referee for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno.