战后美国政党政治的新变化

美国政党的变迁对西方政党政治变革是一种补充和扩展。本文从"选民中的政党"、"政党组织"和"政府中的政党"三个向度对战后美国政党政治的新变化进行探析,从而更加清晰地审视美国政党的变迁。虽然"衰落模式"、"稳定模式"和"复兴模式"交替存在,但是,美国政党自20世纪80年代以来的确出现了复兴的趋势,并且政党正在试图通过国家政治权力恢复其功能。尽管美国政党无论是在政党组织、选举层面,还是在政府层面,都走出了60、70年代的低谷,但随着政治生态的变化,这种复兴态势也呈现出更加复杂多变的特点。     

日本明治前期的政党政治构想

日本明治前期,在对政党的认识逐渐加深的前提下,思想家们对政党在政治生活中的地位和作用提出了各自不同的见解,形成了不同的政党政治思想交锋。有些思想家提出了政党在议会中应当发挥的作用,以及组建政党内阁的构想,强调日本应当立即实行政党政治;有的思想家在理解政党政治内涵的基础上,强调日本国情与西方的差异,反对实行政党政治。     

当代中国的政党趋同问题探析

当代中国政党趋同是政治发展中一系列历史与现实问题复合作用的结果.尽管其在学理上也有合乎政党政治发展规律的一面,但相对于中国社会发展的现实而言,它还是产生了一些负面的影响,既不利于各政党自身功能的充分实现,也不利于政党制度核心目标的实现.因此,必须在改革和发展中逐步解决政党趋同及相关问题.应该切实秉承"十六字方针"及"和而不同"的理念,努力加强各政党的民主建设,充分发扬党际民主,使中国政党政治同蓬勃发展的人民民主相契合,并且能够积极引领或推动人民民主的历史进程.     

试论中国参政党的基本特性及其主要作用

目前,世界上的政党政治主要有现代资本主义国家政党政治和社会主义国家政党政治两种形式。中国社会主义政党政治(中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度)有两种形式,即对中国共产党而言的执政党政治和对中国各民主党派而言的参政党政治。中国参政党的基本特性是政治目标的趋同性、治国理政的参与性、成员构成的精英性和基层组织的松散性;中国参政党的主要作用是合力作用、协商作用、监督作用和纽带作用。     

政党政治视角下的政党与国家权力--兼及中国共产党领导的多党合作制度

政党政治具有重要的功能意义和价值意义.政党政治的核心问题是政党与国家权力的问题.沿着这一脉络,资本主义政党政治和社会主义政党政治呈现出截然不同的发展轨迹.中国共产党领导的多党合作制度是新型的适应我国国情的政党制度,它建构了我国政党与国家权力的基本法理关系,保障了全体人民的利益,具有鲜明的特点和巨大的优势.     

政治互动中的理性选民与政党组织——一种新政治经济学的观点

新政治经济学从独特的理论视角为研究现代政治中政党与选民的关系开启了新的进路.在政治市场上,选民在进行成本一收益的计算之后决定是否参与投票,而政党的意识形态则构成了降低选民政治成本的有效工具.政党与选民的关系可以通过建立在选民偏好判断基础上的偏好适应模型和偏好塑造模型进行解释.在偏好适应模型中,选民偏好利益对政党制度和政策选择有着决定性影响,政党采取适应或迎合选民偏好的方式来获得选民的支持;而在偏好塑造模型中,政党则通过意识形态的灌输或社会政治权力的运用对选民的偏好进行塑造和影响,以取得选民的政治认同.当前,政党普遍呈现出“去意识形态化”和“政策选择趋同化”的倾向,这对政党政治乃至民主政治的存在意义形成了巨大的冲击.     

中国新型政党制度优势及其实践——与西方政党制度的多维度比较

政党及其构成的政党结构关系联结着国家与社会,并在此基础上形成了政党制度。中国新型政党制度是既植根中国土壤、彰显中国智慧,又积极借鉴和吸收人类政治文明优秀成果而创造出的新的政党政治模式,在中国的政治和社会生活中显示出独特优势和强大生命力。通过对中西方政党制度中的政党与政党、政党与社会、政党与政权(国家)三重关系的比较分析,可以深入挖掘两者的同质性构成和异质性基础,从而对中国新型政党制度的独特优势和实践模式作出学理阐释,更好地将其制度优势转化为国家治理效能。     

中国新型政党制度对西方政党政治的双重超越：基于主次双重范式的分析

中国新型政党制度的实践内容十分丰富,它包含着中国共产党和民主党派之间的多党合作范式和民主党派内部的良性竞争范式。其中,多党合作是主范式,民主党派内部的良性竞争是次范式,次范式服务于主范式。与西方政党政治相比,中国的新型政党制度在“合作”与“竞争”两个范式上都具有优越性。在合作层面,长期稳定的多党合作超越了西方政党政治中常见的短期有限合作,它始终坚持人民利益至上的主线,而非为了一己之私、一党之利;在竞争层面,民主党派内部的良性竞争是为了更好地服务于中国共产党的治国理政,它超越了西方政党之间由竞选体制催生的恶性党争与否决体制。中国的新型政党制度是中国对世界的制度贡献,是对人类政治文明的创新。     

公共选择视野中的两党制目标--试析2003年日本众议院议员选举

公共选择视野中的日本两党制目标 ,展现出了一个政治市场图景。首先 ,从两党竞争模型和空间定点理论来看 ,“中间投票者”偏好使自民、民主两党的选举纲领趋于一种竞争均衡态势。其次 ,从投票者行动的角度来看政党支持结构的转换与“理性投票人假设” ,使 2 0 0 3年日本众议院议员选举的投票率创下历史新低 ,从而制约了民主党实现政权交替之目标。第三 ,从“政治景气循环”的角度来看 ,自民、民主两党选举纲领的“选举后模式”难以启动日本政党政治循环及由政党循环推进政治结构改革。在日本 ,政治市场的景气循环尚未形成     

西方政党—国家范式的研究进路及其评价

伴随着从精英党、大众党到卡特尔党的政党政治变迁,西方政党理论建构开始从政党-社会范式转向政党—国家范式。这种理论进展以国家共识优先于政党政治为前提,以政党—国家联结为框架,采取经验描述对卡特尔党进行逻辑论证。这虽然仍然未能脱离参照精英党原型建构起来的政党—竞选制度实践,甚至还在实践上遭到各种批判,但如果引入善政评判方法就会为政党理论研究提供广阔的视野,特别是由此形成的超越政党竞争范畴的理论倾向,为国家一党执政提供了一种解释的开放性。以往政党—社会范式把一党制归结为非民主体制,但现在的政党—国家范式建构,可以不再局限于政党竞选实践,而是进入国家治理善政目标考虑。从这种研究中可以捕捉一种善政评判导向的政党理论建构前景,由此深入探究政党与国家的复杂关系,对政党、国家与社会的诸种事实做出尝试性理论解释,展现政党在政治实践中的多重面相和运行机制,这对我们以善政视角全面理解政治文化、社会生活和国家治理具有重要意义。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).