农民养老风险、策略与期望的地区差异分析

了解农民养老风险、策略与期望的地区差异,有助于提高农村社会政策的合理性和针对性。利用全国10个省市35个行政村的千户农民调查数据分析发现,东、中、西部地区农民面临的养老风险、应对策略以及对养老的期望皆表现出显著的不同。不同地区在制定解决农民养老问题的社会政策时,应该充分考虑所在地区农民养老面临的主要风险、应对策略以及对养老的期望,使有限的农村社会保障资源为农民带来最大的社会福利效应。     

中国农民养老的特殊性

中国农民养老的特殊性在于丧失生活自理能力、需要别人照料的时间很短 ;生活费用很低 ,养老成本低。农村可以实行“养老田”制度 ,与养老金制度配合运用。农村合作医疗制度应更健全、加强。不同地区、不同类型农民养老实施方式具有多样性。可一种或多种方式并用 ,不断向完全社会化发展     

农村养老需要强有力的道德支撑

养老不纯粹是个经济问题.农村养老问题的解决既需要经济资源,也需要大量的非经济资源.其中,道德就是农民养老的重要资源,对于农民养老有重要影响.在"未富先老"的现实背景下,我们必须采取有效措施,加强道德建设,为农村养老提供强有力的道德支撑.     

论道德建设与农民养老

我国农村经济社会变迁使农村养老道德面临挑战并由此带来了道德问题。政府和社会在积极发展社会养老保障,为农村老年人提供物质生活资料的同时,应通过多层面的道德建设,为农民养老提供丰富的道德资源。     

论交换型养老的特征、逻辑及其影响——基于华北平原地区的调查

在华北地区调查发现农村交换型养老现象凸显,农村养老呈现出交换内容的物质化、指标化和清晰化的特征,农村的养老逻辑不再是回报父母养育之恩的责任伦理,而是需用物质或者获致性方面来交换的经济理性,并且这种交换关系具有不平等性。交换型养老带来了老人生活状况的恶化,代际关系的均衡化以及农民人生意义的丧失等深远影响。解决我国农村养老问题需进一步关注老年人的精神建设。     

新型城市化背景下统筹城乡社会养老保障制度一体化研究

统筹城乡社会养老保障是推进以统筹城乡为标志的新型城市化的内在要求,城乡社会养老保障的统筹正迈向一体化新阶段。分析统筹城乡社会养老保障一体化困境:大量农民存在、养老保障关系转续难和新农保推广障碍,提出加快小城镇化建设、减少农村人口总量和比例、促进农民向市民转化、创新养老保障关系转续机制和完善新农保政策的建议。     

论现阶段我国农民养老的特殊性

研究和讨论我国农村养老保障、构建中国农村社会养老保障模式必须首先要了解现阶段我国农民养老的特殊性。这种特殊性主要表现为家庭养老的普遍性、农民养老的自我保障性、供养费用的不均衡性、农民养老的功利性以及农民养老的地区差异性等五个方面。     

农民养老意识变迁的影响因素研究——以对288位农民的调研为例

家庭养老意识、自我养老意识和机构养老意识是三种主要的农民养老意识。在农民养老意识变迁过程中,农村劳动力转移、家庭权力转移、养老文化、农民需求层次和社会舆论等是其中主要的影响因素。     

农民养老方式与可行能力研究

农民的养老方式选择与他们实际具备的可行能力密不可分。这种可行能力取决于农村的经济状况、农民的生产方式、生活方式和制度环境。本文通过对我国目前农民生存状况的描述,通过农民对自己经历、体验讲述的分析,表明他们在处理参保问题上的行为逻辑与他人贴上的理性小农的标签完全不同。土地养老、子女养老并不是农民自愿选择的养老方式,而是迫不得已应对的结果。可行能力的缺乏使农民只能牺牲自己的长远利益而维持目前的生活状态。尽管对于农民不办理养老保险有各种各样的解释,但本文认为从可行能力解释农民的养老选择是一个不可忽视的视角。可行能力不仅包含着个人的能力而且与他们所处的社会位置密切有关。本文认为,国家长期以来的发展政策和社会政策与它的标的群体-农民之间的过大差距,最终形成了农村养老保政策运行低效及对农民养老选择的负面影响。     

中国发达地区农村社会养老保险制度的试验:一个比较制度分析

基于对发达地区不同模式农村社会养老保险制度的分析,江苏阜宁和北京大兴的经验对特殊(干部)群体、富裕的或者收入较高的群体吸引力更大,而上海的农保则对农村企业的农民进行强制性就业保险,对农村留地职业农民也一样缺乏吸引力.中山市的农村养老保险则一视同仁地对待参保的整个村庄农民,这一模式可以比较好地统一解决所有包括留地职业农民在内的农村养老保障问题,但是却缺乏推广的基础(普遍性).尽管存在上述诸多问题,发达地区试验的各种农村养老保险模式对未来的欠发达地区乃至中国农村养老保险制度的构建具有重要的经验价值与理论含义.     

失业率、年龄结构与人口迁移率的相关性研究

用定性与定量相结合的方法,从理论及实践两种角度,对影响人口迁移的主要因素进行了分析,指出：人口年龄结构及失业率是人口迁移率大小的决定因素。在此基础上,对影响我国人口迁移的相关性因素进行了分析,并对 21世纪我国人口的迁移做了预测。     

The Impact of the Use of Energy Sources on the Quality of Life of Poor Communities

Over the last few decades, the energy literature has been dominated by a theory of transition. The theory of transition is based on the notion that households gradually ascend an ‘energy ladder’, which begins with traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal), moves through modern commercial fuels (kerosene and liquid petroleum gas (LPG)) and culminates with the advent of electricity. The ascent of the ‘energy body’, though not fully understood, is thought to be associated with rising income and increasing levels of urbanisation. Empirical evidence on energy and poverty issues has been to suggest that reality is rather more complex than the simple transitional theory would appear to suggest. To choose an appropriate set of indicators to measure the impact of electrification, this paper takes three basic different perspectives on human welfare, namely, basic needs, monetary, and non-monetary into consideration. According to the basic needs approach, welfare relates to people’s ability to satisfy their basic material needs. In the monetary approach it is a generally accepted view that the purchasing power of the household provides the best overall indicator of welfare. According to the non-monetary approach there has been a trend towards complementing economic measures of deprivation with non-monetary measures to obtain a multidimensional view of human well being, particularly by tracking health and education indicators. In the rest of the paper the two primary research projects conducted in two provinces in South Africa, namely KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, will be discussed. The one research project is still in process. However, the methodology will be discussed. In this project a comparison will be made of households’ experiences in villages with and without electricity to see if and to what extent electrification contributed to the welfare of the communities. In the second project households were interviewed about their experiences in the use of paraffin as source of energy.     

对我国人口城市化道路的思考

加快我国人口城市化的发展,对推动我国社会经济的进一步发展具有十分重要的作用。中国走什么样的人口城市化发展道路一直是一个很重要又争论不休的问题。本文通过对我国城市发展方针的反思,提出了我国应走以规模扩大式为主的人口城市化道路。     

甘肃省人才问题研究

本文对近10年来甘肃省人才状况进行了简要总结和分析.通过对人才总量及相对存量、人才的地区分布、人才的行业、职业构成以及科技、教育(主要是师资)状况的分析,就我省人才现状及存在的问题进行了剖析,并指出了症结所在.     

提高安徽省人口文化素质的思路与对策

安徽省经济基础薄弱,教育投入不足,办学条件差,教育事业总体上比较落后,导致安徽省人口,尤其是劳动人口文化素质偏低,严重地制约了安徽省经济的发展。针对安徽省教育存在的问题和人口文化素质的实际状况,结合省情省力和"科教兴皖"战略,提出优先发展教育,包括适应市场经济的需要,调整教育结构;增大政府教育投入,并建立多渠道筹措教育经费的新体制;巩固和发展农村基础教育,优化农村教育结构;加强师资培训,建设一支高素质的教师队伍等可行性的对策与建议。     

人口老龄化中的中国国情

中国在人口生育政策的直接作用下,以急刹车的方式迅速地完成了人口类型的转变并步入了人口老龄化的行列,在此前提下本文试图着重阐述和强调:中国人口老龄化的形成较之发达国家相比有根本的不同,因此涉及人口老龄化中的诸多问题必然显示出差异性,表现出明显的中国国情。充分认识这个国情,才能从宏观上不失时机地把握好我国经济发展进程和人口老龄化进程的关系,才能有利有节的解决好历史进程中中国人口老龄化中的诸多问题。     

择校的人本经济学分析

优质教育供给和需求的严重失衡是择校热产生的根源。本文以优质教育的需求为着眼点 ,反思马斯洛需要理论 ,认为需要的发展过程不是直线渐进式的 ,而是呈现出螺旋式循环上升趋势 ,并以此对择校热进行人本经济学分析 ,提出家长生理和社会安全需要是产生择校的一个重要原因 ,同时指出健全和完善社会保障体制是从根本上解决择校热的有效途径之一。     

流动人口信用缺失的经济学探析

从成本收益的角度看,流动人口强流动性的特点决定了他们更易选择违约,但并非所有的流动人口都选择违约。这是因为其违约的原因有多种,只有条件具备时他们才选择违约。由于流动人口数量已经占到我国总人口的十分之一还要多,因此有必要关注其诚信问题,采取相应措施提高其诚信水平。     

Mental Health of Parents and Life Satisfaction of Children: A Within-Family Analysis of Intergenerational Transmission of Well-Being

This paper addresses the extent to which there is an intergenerational transmission of mental health and subjective well-being within families. Specifically it asks whether parents’ own mental distress influences their child’s life satisfaction, and vice versa. Whilst the evidence on daily contagion of stress and strain between members of the same family is substantial, the evidence on the transmission between parental distress and children’s well-being over a longer period of time is sparse. We tested this idea by examining the within-family transmission of mental distress from parent to child’s life satisfaction, and vice versa, using rich longitudinal data on 1,175 British youths. Results show that parental distress at year t − 1 is an important determinant of child’s life satisfaction in the current year. This is true for boys and girls, although boys do not appear to be affected by maternal distress levels. The results also indicated that the child’s own life satisfaction is related with their father’s distress levels in the following year, regardless of the gender of the child. Finally, we examined whether the underlying transmission correlation is due to shared social environment, empathic reactions, or transmission via parent–child interaction.     

A Sociological Review of the Reflections and Dimensions of Quality of Life of the Widows in Tehran

The article explores some of the theoretical perspectives on widows, followed by empirical findings on the issue in Tehran. Widowhood transition being pursued by drop in relations, is observed and examined from various dimensions, with the hope of improving the quality of life of the widows. Some of the socio-economic effects of widowhood as appraised by various thinkers and scientists, are reflected in the context. The phenomenon being in existence as long as socially regulated marriage continues under the cause-and-effect laws, needs probing with special reference to the modern time. That is, being subject to emotional crises, they need to be multi-dimensionally studied. Through a multi-method strategy, and with the use of questionnaire tool, data were collected. Widowhood as a common problem in old age is followed by the isolation, a period of change and new challenges, i.e., reflection of a major stressful life event. However, widows as a vulnerable social group are seen worldwide with commonalities. In other words, about half of the women householders in the world are widowed. The author reflects a clear and tangible picture of the widows’ quality of life, and their satisfaction with life through the tabulated data. Nevertheless, government and relevant agencies in Iran, need to work and plan hard to provide the widows with necessary security and support.