会计准则差异对财务比率的影响分析——以中国东方航空股份有限公司为例

本文以中国东方航空股份有限公司2002-2004年度报告披露的会计数据为依据,对财务比率双重披露差异进行了比较研究。目的是探讨目前我国会计准则及制度和国际财务报告准则之间的差异对财务比率的影响程度,旨在为不同准则下的比率分析提供比较和借鉴。     

中国上市公司财务比率行业差异的实证研究

本文综述了研究财务比率行业差异的有关文献，说明了行业分类标准的选择及其重要性，对我国A股上市公司1999—2001年的七个财务比率进行了分行业统计分析，使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验方法检验了上市公司财务比率的行业因素效应。研究结果显示：所有财务比率的行业效应均为显著，即不同行业的财务比率具有显著差异。     

财务报表比率分析框架

财务报表是一个完整的报告体系,综合反映企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量。它包括资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表及相关附表。其中,资产负债表汇总了企业在某一时点的资产、负债和所有者权益,损益表汇总了公司某段时期的收入和费用。为了评价公司的财务状况和经营成果,我们要借助的最常用的工具就是财务比率。一、财务比率的类型财务比率是涉及两个会计数据的指数,常由一个数据除以另一个数据得到。财务比率分析涉及两种形式的比较。第一种比较将公司的目前比率和过去的或预期未来的比率进行比较。通过考察变化的构成来决定公司一段时…     

企业失败预测模型研究——来自台湾的证据

以台湾上市公司公开的财务比率数据,探讨财务比率之间的领先和滞后情况,以期修正过去财务危机文献所忽略的时间落差因素.根据领先变量和滞后变量建构上市公司财务危机预测模型,以期由模型的预测为政府、监督机关、投资人和债权人探讨台湾资本市场发生财务危机提供一个参考.实证结果显示,标准化数据(考虑产业因素)比非标准化数据(未考虑产业因素)更具预测能力,故在进行财务危机方面预测性研究时应将产业因素予以控制或消除;负债比率和营业利益率是两个最早期用于判别的领先指标,若仅以这两个指标预测公司的状况,则在发生危机的前一季,其准确率可以高达 90%; 若加入流动比率、存货周转率、总资产周转率和现金流量比率综合观察,则在危机发生前一季时,可有 95% 的高预测能力.     

S上市公司财务分析以及发展策略初探

财务分析是了解企业财务状况、经营绩效和未来发展趋势的重要工具。通过财务分析,有助于投资者和企业管理者做出正确的投资决策。随着我国居民生活水平的飞速提高,人们对肉类食品的消费观念逐渐增强,本文基于肉类加工龙头企业S公司2018—2022年的财务报表数据,运用比率分析法分析具体的财务指标,从而确定企业的财务状况和经营业绩等,并根据存在的问题提出发展建议。     

一类单调函数在财务管理中的运用

学生在学习财务比率指标时经常需要分析一笔经济业务的发生对所研究的比率指标的影响，这类问题总是让学生感觉很吃力。笔者认为通过运用函数的单调性将会使学生轻松得出正确结论。     

基于小波分析的多期夏普比率及实证研究

用风险价值代替标准差作为夏普比率中投资组合风险的度量,并应用修正的VaR计算方法解决收益率序列非正态分布时的风险度量问题.进一步地将小波分析引入夏普比率,利用小波函数的尺度变化与不同的投资期限相时应,建立了基于小波分析的多期夏普比率评价模型,并以我国经济背景为依托,选择上证八只封闭式基金进行研究.结果表明,把小波分析引入夏普比率可以解决投资组合业绩的多期评价问题.     

基于财务与非财务指标的财务困境预警研究——以制造业上市公司为例

本文以沪深A股市场2005-2009年294家制造业上市公司为样本,以因财务状况异常而被ST作为公司发生财务困境的标志,分别建立了仅包含财务比率指标的单一模型和同时包含财务和非财务指标的综合模型.研究结果表明,加入非财务类指标后的综合模型,无论是在预测能力方面还是在误判成本方面均得到显著优化.     

用Excel做财务比率分析模板

财务比率能为报表的使用者提供重要的相关信息,但现实中除了报表的编制人员可直接从财务软件中生成财务比率并加以分析外,其他人员使用财务比率必需分别计算,当对许多报表进行分析时就非常麻烦。但因不同编制单位的会计报表格式大致相同,通过编制财务比率分析模板的方式,就可以使上述工作大大简化,下面就分步骤介绍模板的编制方法。第一步,点击桌面Excel快捷方式,打开一个工作簿,把工作表“sheet1”、“sheet2”、“sheet3”分别重命名为“资产负债表”、“利润表”、“分析表”,并依次在三个工作表中建立资产负债表、利润表和财务分析表,…     

现金流量在财务困境预测中的信息含量实证研究——来自2003-2004年度ST公司的新证据

本文选取2003-2004年度60家财务困境样本和120家非财务困境样本,分别运用单变量和多变量logistic分析检验了现金流量信息在财务困境预测中的相对信息含量和增量信息含量,研究发现:(1)在我国上市公司陷入财务困境前1年,经营性现金流量的相对信息含量仅次于资产报酬率和资产周转率,其预测效率优于其它应计制会计变量;(2)无论在财务困境前1年还是前2年,现金流量类变量在会计比率的基础上均具有显著的增量信息含量。本文的研究结果显示,从财务困境预测研究的角度看,充分挖掘现金流量信息的预测价值应成为未来此类研究的方向;从投资者角度看,现金流量表为投资者提供了决策有用的信息。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.