零售商提前支付与贷款担保下的供应商融资策略

在供应商面临资金约束的供应链中,通过零售商提前订购部分产品并支付货款的内部预订融资模式,与零售商为供应商提供担保向银行借款的外部信贷融资模式,可以缓解供应商的资金约束对零售商及供应链利润的影响,研究了两种模式下供应商和零售商的最优生产决策和融资决策,并分析了供应商的自有资金、零售商的资金成本、银行利率三种因素对于供应链融资绩效的影响。结果表明:两种融资模式要实现无资金约束下的最优生产量,都需要供应商拥有一定的初始资金,所需初始资金量的多少与各自的融资成本有关。所得的结论为供应链企业选择合适的融资方式和最优生产决策提供指导。最后通过数值分析对结论进行了验证。     

考虑风险规避的资金约束供应链最优信用契约设计

本文针对零售商的资金约束问题,研究了风险规避的供应商如何通过设计信用契约影响零售商的融资结构。构建了包含供应商、零售商以及银行在内的供应链融资模型,给出了供应商的最优信用契约决策、零售商的最优库存决策以及银行的最优利率决策。进一步分析了供应商的风险规避程度对最优信用契约决策的影响。研究表明：当供应商的风险规避程度低于某个临界值时,供应商偏好提供全额信用,从而零售商的融资结构为单一的交易信用融资;而当供应商的风险规避程度高于该临界值时,供应商偏好提供部分信用,从而零售商的融资结构为组合融资。最后,通过数值算例验证了本文的结论。本研究一定程度上丰富了现有供应链金融的理论研究,为供应链核心企业与银行的决策提供了依据与参考。     

面向资金约束供应商的供应链内部融资——股权还是债权?

通过制造商向供应商提供投资或借款,可以减少由于供应商资金不足无法正常组织生产引起的制造商及供应链利润的损失,分析了股权和债权两种融资模式下制造商的最优融资与供应商的最优生产决策,并比较了供应链绩效.结论表明:供应商一定会接受债权融资,但只有在一定条件下才会接受股权融资;在股权融资模式下,要将资金约束供应商的生产恢复到无资金约束下的最优水平,需要供应商的初始资金低于一定的临界值且制造商分享供应商的利润份额超过一定的临界值;在债权融资模式下,要将资金约束供应商的生产恢复到无资金约束下的最优水平,则需要供应商的初始资金超过一定的临界值;从制造商和供应链整体的视角,在供应商自有资金少时实行股权融资模式,并且增加制造商分享的利润份额,而在供应商自有资金多时实行债权融资模式是最优策略.最后通过算例对结论进行了验证.     

3PL企业融资服务模式下考虑损失规避零售商的供应链运营和协调策略

针对第三方物流（3PL）企业融资服务模式，研究了具有损失规避行为的零售商面临资金约束情形的供应链运营策略和协调问题。在本文中，分析了分散情形下3PL企业的最优融资策略和损失规避零售商的最优订货策略。以及集中情形下供应链的最优订货策略，通过比较两种情形下的最优订货量，得到了可以使资金约束供应链实现整体协调的转移支付契约。研究结果表明：当零售商初始资金较高时，3PL企业融资服务模式下零售商的订货量超过其在资金充足时的订货量；当零售商初始资金满足在一定范围内时，3PL企业融资服务模式可以使3PL企业和零售商获得帕累托改善，但不能直接协调资金约束供应链；当3PL企业和零售商签订的转移支付契约满足一定条件时，供应链可以实现整体协调。     

资金约束与供应链中的融资和运营综合决策研究

研究了由单一供应商和单一零售商组成的供应链中金融和运营的综合决策问题及其影响.当零售商存在资金限制/约束时,其可从资本市场获得融资服务以实现自身的最优采购.其中资本市场是指由多个追求风险中性的金融机构组成的,并存在一定的市场竞争.研究表明:当零售商出现资金不足或预算限制时,融资服务可为整个供应链创造新价值,并且资本市场的竞争程度将直接影响零售商、供应商和金融机构的具体决策.另外,还为具体供应链管理实践提供相关的见识.     

基于价格折扣的供应链预付款融资策略研究

当供应商面临资金约束时,通过制造商提供预付款的内部融资模式,可以缓解供应商资金约束对制造商及供应链利润的影响,研究了预付款融资模式下供应商和制造商的最优生产和融资决策,并分析了供应商的自有资金、价格折扣两种因素对供应链融资绩效的影响.研究发现:给定价格折扣,只有当供应商的自有资金量小于一定临界值时,供应商才会接受预付款融资合同;如果价格折扣高于一定临界值,实施预付款融资后,供应商的生产能恢复到无资金约束下的最优水平,否则,只有当供应商的自有资金量超过一定值时,预付款融资才能使供应商的生产恢复到无资金约束下的最优水平,并且供应链的绩效不会因供应商的资金约束而受损.研究的结论能为企业制定预付款融资决策提供参考依据.     

基于产品质量差异的资金约束制造商最优融资决策研究

本文研究了资金约束制造商在线上线下双渠道中分别销售两种不同质量水平的产品时的最优融资决策,其中制造商可以通过电商平台融资和零售商融资两种方式来缓解资金压力。本文建立了两种融资模式下的Stackelberg博弈模型,得到了制造商与零售商的最优定价决策以及融资利率和双渠道中的产品质量差异对均衡决策的影响;对比分析了两种融资模式下的价格、销量以及供应链各成员企业的利润差异。结果表明融资利率的上升会带来双渠道定价的上升,但不一定会加剧双渠道间的价格竞争。制造商的最优融资决策同时受融资利率、消费者对产品质量的敏感程度以及双渠道产品质量差异的影响。当电商平台融资和零售商融资利率相同且消费者对产品质量的敏感程度较低时,制造商会选择零售商融资,并在零售商处销售高质量产品;当消费者对产品质量的敏感程度较高且双渠道产品质量差异较大时,制造商则会选择电商平台融资并在电商平台投放高质量产品。     

基于融资需求的损失厌恶零售商订货策略及供应链协调

传统的供应链文献研究都假设了供应链系统中有足够的营运资本可供零售商或供应商融资,然而在管理实践中供应链运营经常面临着资金不足等短缺风险。本文在损失厌恶型零售商存在资金短缺的现实情形下,研究了基于融资需求的损失厌恶型零售商订货策略问题。研究发现,一旦零售商自有资金增加,其损失厌恶系数增大使得资本约束零售商的订货量增加;而一旦零售商的损失厌恶系数确定,银行融资利率增大,资金约束零售商的订货量减小。最后,构造了协调供应链的融资成本共担的协调机制,并通过对比分析刻画了融资利率水平能够影响供应链的运营决策,这也为供应链企业资本风险管理实践提供了很强的实践参考价值。     

银行风险控制下的供应链订单融资策略研究

本文研究了银行风险上限控制下,供应链订单融资模式的最优运作策略,分析了银行风险上限对供应商和零售商最优决策的影响。研究表明银行风险上限等价于银行贷款上限,且随着零售商预订量的增加,银行设置的贷款上限会提高;通过银行上调风险上限或零售商提高预订量,供应商可以实现经典最优生产量;零售商提供预订订单来自于两种动机,即增加销售动机和增加贷款动机,在一定条件下这两种动机可以相互转化。最后,通过数值分析验证了文章的结论。研究结论能为银行设计合适的订单融资产品以及企业选择合适的银行申请订单融资服务提供指导。     

资金约束供应链RFID投资决策与融资优化

本文以一个供应商和一个存在库存错放的资金约束零售商组成的两级供应链为研究对象,探讨了供应链成员采用无线射频识别（Radio Frequency Identification,RFID）技术的决策及融资选择问题。基于报童模型构建了供应链成员是否采用RFID技术、以及零售商选择贸易信贷融资或银行融资四种情景下的收益模型,求解出链上各成员的最优收益并探讨了RFID采用决策及融资选择策略。研究发现：资金约束零售商通过银行借贷融资可以获得更多的融资金额,但是其选择贸易信贷融资的意愿随着自有资金的减少而增强;当零售商自有资金适中时,随着错放率的上升或RFID成本的降低,零售商从银行融资向贸易信贷融资转变;银行融资在一定程度上能够缓解零售商的库存错放问题。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.