中国OFDI逆向技术溢出的技术差距双门限效应:一个文献综述

本文从内生增长理论的视角对近十年的中国OFDI逆向技术溢出效应研究进行了回顾,并发现实证研究中OFDI溢出效应的研究结果存在分歧,由此引出地区吸收能力的概念;又以吸收能力的一个重要维度技术差距为基础,以FDI溢出效应为参照,总结了国内外已有理论及研究对技术差距与FDI溢出效应间关系的不同观点,进而结合两种对立的观点,根据已有文献引入"门限效应"的概念,并阐释了门限效应的具体意义及部分初步的门限实证研究。本文认为与FDI相似,中国OFDI逆向溢出也存在技术差距的"双门限"效应,并指出在此问题上已有研究仍存在理论和实证方法上的不足。     

社保投入有利于企业提高劳动生产率吗？——基于“中国企业—劳动力匹配调查”数据的实证研究

现有文献认为,社保投入对企业劳动生产率存在成本效应、激励效应两种不同的影响。由于大样本数据的缺乏,现阶段对于社会保险企业投入的讨论大多停留在其对企业生产的抑制效应。然而,本文运用随机分层抽样的"中国企业-劳动力匹配调查"(CEES)数据,就社保投入对于企业劳动生产率的影响效应、影响机制进行了创新性地实证研究。基准回归表明,在充分剔除选择性偏误的前提下,社保投入对于劳动生产率的激励效应更强。随着人均社保投入每增加10%,企业劳动生产率平均提高3.5%。进一步地,实证研究发现:人力资本、创新精神与管理效率是社保投入对于企业劳动生产率产生激励效应的重要渠道;其中,与人力资本、创新精神相比,管理效率更为重要。与大部分基于发达经济体微观数据的实证研究有所不同,本文发现:对于现阶段我国经济而言,社保投入对企业生产要素投入的成本挤出效应并不明显,社会保险通过激励员工从而促进企业生产率的发展。     

城乡生产率差距产生的理论述评——对二元结构基本假设的解释

二元结构作为发展经济学的经典模型,已广泛应用于城乡、区域之间关系的研究。但是二元结构对城乡存在生产率差距这一基本假设却缺乏说明,由此引发了学者的批评和对其的补充研究。笔者对解释城乡生产率差距的产业缺陷、城市倾向和集聚经济三条研究路线进行了理论描述和评论,认为这三种理论所产生的效应共同作用于城乡生产过程,导致了生产率差距的产生,只是在城市发展的不同阶段,这三种理论效应作用的程度不同。     

溢出效应与门限特征:金融开放条件下国际证券市场风险对中国市场冲击机理

伴随着全球经济一体化和我国金融市场逐渐开放,国际证券市场风险对我国市场冲击愈来愈明显。本文应用单变量MSVAR模型和二元向量SWARCH模型实证分析了来自海外市场风险冲击的机理。采用美国S&P500指数、英国FTSE350指数、日本Nikkei225指数和中国上证综指周收益率数据,按照市场波动状态划分为"高"、"低"两个风险积聚状态,不同风险积聚水平下状态相关系数估计结果存在的显著差异,表明国际证券市场对我国市场存在风险溢出效应,且具有明显的"门限特征",高市场风险积聚状态下海外市场与沪市间正相关性,市场的整体风险性强;低市场风险积聚状态下,市场间负相关,市场整体表现出较低的系统风险特征。因此,国际证券市场对我国市场风险溢出传导机理依赖于市场的风险积聚状态。     

对外直接投资对母国收入差距的影响效应——基于跨国面板数据的研究

本文将企业异质性理论引入内生增长模型，讨论对外直接投资（OFDI）对母国收入差距的影响机理，并基于1981~2015年85个国家（地区）的面板数据，同时运用静态模型与动态模型验证了二者间存在"倒U型"关系，即随着对外直接投资强度的提升，母国收入差距呈现先扩大再缩小的态势；OFDI一方面通过促进母国的技术进步与产业结构升级、挤出部分国内投资等渠道加剧了收入不平等程度，另一方面以推动母国的金融发展与教育拓展等方式对收入差距产生削减效果；OFDI对收入差距的影响在不同经济发展水平、不同地理区位的国家中具有异质性：当人均GDP小于5767.53美元时，对外直接投资强度显著地扩大了母国收入差距，当人均GDP超过5767.53美元时，二者之间不存在显著的线性关系；欧洲国家的OFDI与收入差距之间呈现出"倒U型"关系，美洲、亚洲国家的OFDI促进了母国收入差距的扩大，非洲国家的OFDI对收入差距无显著影响；此外，OFDI对母国收入差距的影响具有跨期效应，随着时间推移与OFDI存量增加，其间接效应的边际效果有所减弱。     

管理提升了企业劳动生产率吗?——来自中国企业——劳动力匹配调查的经验证据

与现有文献多从人力资本、技术进步等宏观结构性因素出发研究劳动生产率增长问题有所不同,本文基于2015~2016年"中国企业—劳动力匹配调查"(CEES)数据,就管理效率这一重要的微观因素对我国企业劳动生产率增长的影响效应、影响机制进行了稳健地实证检验。运用OLS、PSM和IV等估计策略,本文研究发现:管理效率对劳动生产率增长具有显著的正向因果效应,管理效率每提升10%,其对劳动生产率增长的边际贡献约为14.2%。影响机制分析表明,与"低管理效率"分组企业相比,"高管理效率"分组企业在人力资本质量、物质资本质量、产品质量竞争力、内部知识分享等方面表现更优,上述4个因素是管理效率促进劳动生产率提升的重要渠道。本文的研究结论对于我国企业提升劳动生产率具有重要的政策启示。     

不平等之再检验:可行能力和收入不平等与农民工福利

本文从不平等的两个方面即收入不平等和可行能力不平等,研究了农民工福利和不平等的关系。利用2009年上海农民工实地调查数据,在福利分类模型的框架下对农民工福利进行了考察,研究发现:(1)总体而言,可行能力和收入不平等对农民工福利水平存在负向影响,但针对不同农民工群体,其影响效果和程度存在明显差异;(2)可行能力不平等对高收入群体的福利存在显著影响,对于第Ⅰ类农民工群体,可行能力不平等对其福利存在正向影响,而对第Ⅳ类群体的福利则存在负向影响;且可行能力不平等对第Ⅰ类和第Ⅲ类农民工群体的收入和福利关系存在显著的负调节作用;(3)收入不平等严重损害低收入低可行能力农民工群体的福利,而对高收入高可行能力群体福利的影响则不显著;且收入不平等对低收入(第Ⅱ类和第Ⅳ类群体)农民工的收入和福利关系存在显著的正调节作用。因此改善可行能力不平等、缩小收入差距对保护农民工福利具有重要的现实意义。     

市场化、政治身份及其收入效应——来自中国农户的证据

本文采用2003~2010年全国农村固定观察点微观住户数据,以党员和干部身份作为衡量指标,运用双差法建立计量模型,研究了政治身份对农户收入的影响及其变化趋势。研究发现:政治身份户比非政治身份户的人均收入高19.38%,其中有5.84个百分点来自于政治身份的贡献(收入效应)。乡村干部户的收入效应最高(7.73%),其次是国家干部户(6.05%),最弱的是党员户(3.94%)。政治身份对农户总体收入不平等的贡献率为0.48%,并不是造成中国农村收入不平等的主要原因。政治身份的收入效应主要来源于国家职工工资,以及财产性收入和转移性支付收入等非劳动性收入。市场化水平的提升,仅仅改变了政治身份在各结构性收入上的收入效应,对总收入的收入效应没有显著影响。构建和培育更完善的农村市场经济体系,规范和改革农村的政治治理结构和模式,抑制政治身份户、特别是乡村干部户的权力寻租及其收入效应,是中国乡村治理乃至农村稳定所面临的重要课题。     

国际贸易对劳动生产率影响的机制研究

一个国家的主要经济目标是为居民创造高水平并不断增长的生活标准。随着时间的推移,劳动生产率将是衡量一个国家生活标准的主要决定因素,因为它构成了人均国民收入的基础。高的劳动生产率不仅有助于实现高收入,还允许人民能够选择更多的闲暇而不是长时间的工作。劳动生产率的提高还创造了赋税性的国民收入,而这些收入可以用来支付公共服务,提高国民的生活标准。     

自主研发与知识积累:基于金融发展视角的门限模型研究

已有研究表明自主研发与知识积累具有密切的联系。随着我国信贷资源的配置效率不断提高,研究金融发展在自主研发影响知识积累中的作用机理十分必要。本文使用我国2002-2009年省级面板数据构建非线性面板门限模型,以金融发展为门限变量,研究自主研发对知识积累的非线性影响及金融发展门限效应;在此基础上分析各省份金融发展变化作用于自主研发对知识积累影响的变化趋势。研究表明:高技术产业数量和非国有经济发展均对地区知识积累具有较大的促进作用,技术引进对地区知识积累则不会产生显著的影响,自主研发对知识积累的影响显著存在基于金融发展水平的"单门限效应";金融发展水平超过门限值后,自主研发对知识积累具有更大的促进效应;2008年以后,我国大部分省份跨过门限值进入高金融发展区域,自主研发对这些省份的知识积累都存在较高的促进效应。本文的研究有助于更好的理解金融发展与知识积累之间的关系,拓展了Ang(2011)对这一问题的研究外延,为政府部门制定相关政策提供了一定的参考基础。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.