非对称信息条件下企业并购定价决策的博弈分析

本文通过引入博弈论数学模型,对非对称信息条件下企业的并购定价决策进行了探讨,分析了在两个回合的谈判中并购双方的谈判思路,总结了在不同条件下的最佳定价决策,最后对并购价格谈判提出一些建议。     

基于供应链视角的并购谈判框架

在基于利润分配的供应链多边谈判环境中,探讨了买方与部分供应商并购的谈判框架.首先,分析了买方与单个供应商并购的情形.结果给出两种框架下各方所获利润,并进一步给出未参与并购的供应商互动下的均衡.其次,分析了买方与多个供应商并购的谈判框架.在买方与多个供应商同时并购和依次并购两种情形下,结果分别给出三种不同框架下各方所获利润.结论表明,并购过程中的供应链网络结构和相关企业互动削弱了并购协同下的买方利润,从而企业应谨慎选取并购战略及其分析框架以实现并购的战略目标.     

企业并购行为的博弈分析

企业并购是市场经济体制产权自由交易,资本自由流动的重要表现形式,是企业实现外部增长、多角化经营的一条捷径.企业并购实际上是一个包括并购企业以及被并购企业双方股东、债权人或政府等多个参与并购的局中人之间的博弈过程.本文采用博弈论作为主要分析工具,以并购方和被并购方作为主要研究对象,建立了相应的博弈模型,对并购双方的博弈过程进行了深入分析,最后提出了一些结论和建议,以期促进企业并购的成功进行.     

企业并购重组中的组织结构问题探讨

在市场经济条件下,企业进行资产运作的一个方式就是并购重组,企业的并购重组也是企业做大做强的一个方式,但是企业的并购重组也会给企业发展带来灭顶之灾。并购重组需要考虑的内容很多,在经过前期调查分析和谈判,将其他企业并购回来之后,还要考虑到重组整合问题。本文从企业并购重组中的组织结构出发,分析企业在并购重组中的组织结构方面需要考虑到的问题。     

基于实物期权的科技创业企业并购价值评估研究

结合科技创业企业的特点,针对传统企业并购价值评估模型的局限性,从实物期权的角度阐述了创业企业并购和期权的关系,认为并购中创业企业价值应为并购前创业企业的期权价值与并购期权价值之和,并利用B-S模型和Metron理论构建了创业企业并购价值的期权评估模型,该模型为并购科技创业企业定价提供了一种可行的思路和方法.     

企业并购决策临界点的期权博弈分析

运用期权博弈理论分析得出了各种信息条件下企业并购决策临界点模型.在不考虑竞争对手的条件下,企业的并购决策临界点取决于并购者和被并购者之间的期权博弈,即并购价值增加和成本增加之间的权衡;在考虑竞争对手的条件下,企业的并购决策临界点取决于并购企业与被并购企业之间、并购者之间的期权博弈,即价值增加、成本增加和风险率(hazard rate)三者间的权衡.最后通过仿真实验对以上各种分析结果进行了验证.     

超竞争环境下企业困境并购定价与时机研究

在超竞争环境下企业面临的竞争环境越来越动荡，企业的竞争优势呈现出短期性与临时性的特点，为了快速发展，越来越多的企业选择并购。本文以超竞争环境为研究背景，运用期权博弈理论，分析并建立了存在竞争对手的企业困境并购定价与时机选择模型，通过模型求解得到并购中主并企业给予目标企业的最优价值以及主并企业的最佳并购时机；此外，通过数值模拟重点分析了三个超竞争特征因子（竞争强度、竞争不确定性、企业价值损失因子）、企业困境因子以及竞争对手的溢价水平对企业困境并购时机的影响。本文研究发现：（1）被并企业得到的价值补偿比例及主并企业最佳并购时机均受到各超竞争特征因子、企业困境因子以及竞争对手溢价水平的综合影响；（2）竞争对手的存在会使目标企业得到的价值补偿比例增加；（3）超竞争环境下企业困境并购中主并企业的最佳并购时机取决于并购双方的相对价值比；（4）随着可能导致双方谈判破裂因素、事件的增多以及企业财务困境程度的增加，主并企业提前进行并购的可能性增加；（5）随着竞争强度、竞争不确定性、竞争对手造成溢价水平的增加，主并企业推迟并购时机的可能性增大。     

企业并购整合阶段的财务风险及防范

企业在并购整合过程中是充满风险的，防范和控制并购风险，特别是整合期内的财务风险，是并购企业亟需解决的重大问题。财务风险的成因 企业并购双方在经历了谈判、对抗与合作两个阶段后，到第三阶段即并购后战略整合阶段．并购工作在形式上已经完成，新的企业开始运转。然而．这并不意味着并购结束了，并购后形成的新企业还会面临财务风险，主要包括以下几种：     

基于进化策略的企业混合并购收益动态定价模型

混合并购可能引起目标企业所在行业内其他企业对并购企业进入的阻挠,通过横向并购或者企业问的联合降低并购企业的收益,从而形成了并购企业的进入壁垒.进入壁垒的形成是所有目标企业所在行业内的其他企业反应策略进化的过程,将该过程中反应策略的变化引入到企业混合并购收益定价模型中,从而能够有效地衡量企业混合并购收益,并为并购定价决策奠定了基础.     

基于模糊综合评判法的技术并购目标企业评价实证研究

本文在分析并购目标企业价值评估方法的理论研究基础上,对技术并购中的目标企业评价进行研究。在技术并购的基本理论原则下,通过选取合适的评价指标,建立了技术并购目标企业评价指标体系。随后,采用模糊数学的方法,借助专家打分,获得了各项指标的权重,进而完成了技术并购中目标企业评价模型的构建。最后运用企业技术并购案例进行了实证研究。实证研究的结果表明,本文建立的目标企业评价模型具有一定的实用性,有助于企业分析判断技术并购的可行性。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.