卢梭“道德共同体”思想的逻辑探微

作为法国启蒙运动的重要代表学者,卢梭立足平等自由的应然维度展开对现实奴役的反思,提出了以社会契约沟通个体权利与共同价值的"道德共同体"思想。"道德共同体"的建构缘于人类从自然状态进入社会状态的德性堕落,在结构上展陈为公意、人民主权、法治教化的三位一体,并以"平等的自由"为价值旨归。     

卢梭政府理论新议

卢梭认为,政府起源于主权者的创制,是主权者与臣民的中间体;政府的合法性在于人民的委托,其权限和行为要服从公意;政府的形式并不重要,关键是保障人民权益,服从公意。从理想类型来说,卢梭并没有主张小国寡民式民主制,相反更倾向于贵族制。     

论卢梭的政治自由思想及其影响

政治自由在卢梭的政治思想中是一条关键的主线,它将社会契约论、公意学说、人民主权、法治思想等有机地贯穿起来。在卢梭的政治思想中,自然自由与现实的不自由之间、个人权利和集体权威之间、个人权利和公意之间乃至主权的崇高性和不可代表性之间都存在矛盾,这是卢梭式的带有浓厚平等色彩的自由给人的整体印象。卢梭的政治自由思想对德国哲学、马克思以及现代英美政治哲学家们都有非常大的影响。     

卢梭正当性理论探究

卢梭将现代政治制度的正当性建立在人的自由之上,也就是说,自由证成了政治制度的合理性.从人的自然自由出发,到人的政治自由结束,卢梭完成了他对社会制度的建构.在卢梭的道德理想国里,公意是正当性的判准,公意通过民主投票程序而获得,但其真正的基础却依赖于公民教化.通过公民教化,卢梭试图构建一个同质性的国家,但是这却与现代社会的多元化方向背道而驰.     

现实的摧毁与理想的建构--卢梭政治哲学方法论简论

卢梭以先验理性主义为指导 ,运用分析还原与理智重建的方法 ,提出了以“公意”为基础的契约理论 ,体现了摧毁与重建的方法论思想。卢梭政治理论本身是一贯的 ,但理论与实践之间却存在难以弥合的裂痕。这是因为先验理性的范导功能被约简到建构功能之中 ,从而使得价值的关切压倒了实践层面的具体操作。     

论卢梭人民主权理论的"休谟问题"——卢梭人民主权与民主的关系解读

英国思想家休谟认为一切伦理学体系都犯有由"是"与"不是"的事实判断不加分析地转换到"应该"与"不应该"的价值判断的一元论逻辑错误,即所谓"休谟问题".卢梭人民主权理论的"休谟问题"在于,将价值应然性的"公意"、"人民主权"简单归结为事实实然性的"多数人意志",将人民主权极为复杂的实现路径简单归结在了"多数人意志"一条路径上.事实上,人民主权的实然表现不是"多数人意志"而是公民权利,现代民主宪政的核心问题就是要解决如何将抽象的人民主权回复到现实的人权、公民权利.正是由于卢梭的这种逻辑错误,导致了一系列民主灾难的发生.     

民主、公意与政策合法化的逻辑——来自法国《首次雇佣合同法》危机的启示

政策合法化是一个政治力量谈判与妥协的社会契约过程,其依赖于一系列十分复杂的政治活动与制度规制而发生作用.作为社会理性主义者,政府深思熟虑的政策方案常常在政治妥协与互动过程中发生戏剧性的改变,直至社会各个利益相关方都能接受或达成一致为止.但是,政策的合法性是有限度和有代价的,随着追求的政策合法性程度越高,一个社会需要为之什出的社会和政治等各类成本也会边际递增.运用科斯的经济学方法将卢梭的公意、民主理论与政策合法性问题结合起来,提出一个政策科学中的"卢梭-科斯定理",并以法国<首次雇佣合同法>的危机事件为例分析政策合法性的政治难题.     

"公意"与"美德共和国"——论卢梭对"政治正当性"的探讨

认为卢梭以自由为根基来论证政治的正当性;人是自由施行者,其本性就在于意志自由,但从自然状态进入政治社会,人失去了天然的自由而陷入了专制.正当的政治体就是以"公民自由"代替天然自由的政治体.个人有自我意志,政治体作为一个公共人格,同样有其意志,即"公意".根据立法者的指导而形成的公意,本质上就是个人意志,因而,个人意志服从公意就是公民自由,实现了服从与自由的统一的正当的政治体就是"美德共和国".但公民自由并不是完全意义上的自我立法,只有超越于公民自由之上的哲人自由才是完全的自我立法,因而,政治正当性的源泉在于自由,在于公民自由,更在于哲人自由.具有完全正当性的政治体是宽容哲人存在的美德共和国.     

卢梭及其人民主权思想述评

卢梭是法国启蒙运动最伟大的思想家之一。他的《社会契约论》作为政治哲学代表作,深刻批判了封建法权观点,全面阐明了关于国家起源的社会契约学说和人民主权学说。他提出了“天赋人权、自由平等、主权在民”的主张,为资产阶级使用“以暴抗暴”的原则推翻封建专制树起了一面政治大旗。由于历史条件和阶级局限性,卢梭人民主权思想虽有为“人民”争取权利的反封建专制主义的进步性,但这种民主对广大被剥削、受压迫的人民来说,只是一种形式上的民主、一种空洞的许诺,所谓全体人民享有主权也只是一种幻想。     

人民、公民与臣民——试评卢梭《社会契约论》中“民”的概念

主权在民思想是卢梭政治思想的重要内容之一。在《社会契约论》一书中,他对民这一概念作出了若干层次的解释。主权在民是指人民作为一个整体构成主权者,行使国家的最高权力,人民是民的最高与最广泛的层次;从分享主权者权威角度来看,公民就是共同体中的单个人格,通过订立社会契约,形成共同体,享有公共的自由与平等;从对法律的服从角度来看,契约的订立者又是臣民,是法律的遵循者和被统治者。因此,人民处于和国家的双重关系之中,既是立法者,又是守法者——法律的臣民;既是主权者,又是被统治者。对民的不同层次的解释体现出其不同的政治价值取向,对当代公民政治的发展也有一定的启示。     

The utilitarian contract: A generalization of Rawls' theory of justice

In a series of major papers culminating in A Theory of Justice, John Rawls constructs an alternative to utilitarianism by developing a social contract theory of moral and political philosophy. Unfortunately, Rawls formulates the two basic principles upon which the theory rests in such a way as to restrict (unduly) the contract theory's applicability (see Section I). In this paper we present a more general discussion of the theory of justice that avoids the problems of Rawls' formulation and yet retains the important idea of justice as fairness and the contractarian approach (Section II). Later it is argued that this more general theory constitutes a bridge between the pure utilitarian theories and the social contract doctrines (Sections V and VI). The theory's advantages are demonstrated by applying it to a problem discussed by Rawls, intergenerational equity, and comparing the two solutions (Section III). Further comparisons are made and inferences drawn in the concluding three sections.Without implicating them, we would like to thank James M. Buchanan and David Lyons for comments on an earlier draft of this paper.

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Representational Projects and Interacting Forms of Knowledge

This paper focuses on the concept of the reified and consensual universes in the theory of social representations, and the relationship between them. Having examined the different ways in which Moscovici discusses this concept, and the different ways in which these discussions have been interpreted, I will suggest that many of the criticisms levelled at this facet of social representations theory appear somewhat misplaced. However, it does seem that some aspects of the concept of the consensual and the reified universes are rather under-developed within the theory as a whole. It will be suggested that the recent addition of the notion of the representational project to the theory of social representations goes some way towards addressing some of these emergent issues, most notably with regards to the relationship between knowledges from different spheres. As an example, the area of representations of health and illness will be considered: drawing on work that takes the perspective of the sociology of scientific knowledge, it will be suggested that the theory of social representations needs to make the possibility of a bi-directional relationship between knowledge from the fields of scientific and common sense understanding more explicit.     

论知识休闲的必然性

社会进步赋予公众更多的休闲时间,也赋予休闲更多的知识内涵,进步的社会观念推动公众选择高雅的休闲,因此,休闲活动的知识化是社会进步的必然要求。随着科学技术的发展,教育与其他知识活动都趋向休闲化,提供知识服务的公共场所,也越来越休闲化,而且必定在科技高度发达的未来社会里能够做到真正休闲化,因此,知识活动的休闲化是科技发展的必然结果。人类文明的发展方向是全社会成员都享有高度的自由,都能全面发展,并处于高度和谐的社会关系中,这需要通过知识休闲去实现。知识休闲必将成为全社会都享有的生活形态,知识休闲的社会化是人类文明发展的必然方向。     

Reinvigorating the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: Social protection responses to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of those who are inadequately covered by social protection in more and less developed countries alike, and has exacerbated the fragility of a social contract that was already under strain in many countries. A weak social contract in the context of an exceptional crisis poses a very real risk to social cohesion. Nevertheless, many States have reasserted themselves as the guarantor of rights by protecting public health and incomes. By sustaining these measures, economic recovery will be supported which will help minimize risks that may weaken social cohesion. However, this is a fast-moving, inherently unstable and protracted crisis. Social protection stands at a critical juncture. Decisive policy action will be required to strengthen social protection systems, including floors, as one of the cornerstones of a reinvigorated social contract.     

Family support, social capital, resilience and adolescent coping

All too often young people are excluded in practice from the general policy and professional consensus that partnership and participation should underpin work with children, young people and their families. If working with troubled and troublesome young people is to be based on family support, it will require not only the clear statement of that policy but also demonstration that it can be applied in practice. Achieving that involves setting out a plausible theory of change that can be rigorously evaluated. This paper suggests a conceptual model that draws on social support theory to harness the ideas of social capital and resilience in a way that can link formal family support interventions to adolescent coping. Research with young people attending three community‐based projects for marginalized youth is used to illustrate how validated tools can be used to measure and document the detail of support, resilience, social capital and coping in young people's lives. It is also suggested that there is sufficient fit between the findings emerging from the study and the model to justify the model being more rigorously tested.     

Outsider and Insider Expertise: The Response of Residents of Deprived Neighbourhoods to an Academic Definition of Social Exclusion

The aim of this paper is to compare academic interpretations of the term social exclusion with the understanding of people with direct experience of the phenomenon. A preselected group of residents of deprived neighbourhoods were asked about various aspects of the concept and their responses compared with the definitions of social exclusion used by Burchardt, Le Grand and Piachaud in this Journal in 1999. In general, the residents' understanding of the term corresponded well with the more academic definitions; however, in one or two key areas there were significant differences, suggesting that it might be useful for more academic concepts to be tested against the views of those with experience of the phenomenon which the concept is trying to capture.     

国企改制以来的工人身份认同——产业工人的身份、契约与劳动关系变迁

国有企业改制以来,劳动关系变迁的根本在于产业工人身份及其认同的转变.市场转型导致劳动关系逐渐被商品化,具体表现为国家与产业工人之间综合性社会契约向功能分化的现代契约转变.一方面,国家与产业工人的契约表现为调控性的政策和法律;另一方面,工人和企业的契约表现为市场劳动合同.契约关系建立在产业工人的身份及其认同的基础上,而契约关系的变化则基于产业工人集体主义的单位身份向个人主义公民身份的转变.     

人民内部矛盾概念的历史解读及在新时期的理论价值

人民内部矛盾这一概念,由于社会、经济、政治和文化生活所发生的剧烈变化,它在改革开放后消失于学术视野,被其他从西方引进的思想、语言体系代替.当前,中国正处于剧烈的社会转型和体制转轨的关键时期,在这一时期,各种社会矛盾大量涌现,其中大多数为人民内部矛盾.但由于经济利益差别的扩大,导致了人民内部矛盾往往以非常激烈的方式表达出来,并在一定程度上造成了严重的经济损失和社会危害.人民内部矛盾的思想,仍然是指导我们党客观分析社会形势,指导我们采取科学的手段化解社会性冲突和突发性事件的基本理论.人民内部矛盾理论与中国共产党人长期的革命和建设实践密不可分,它渗透着我们党的许多宝贵经验和传统,积淀着丰富的辩证法思想,代表着共产党人崇高的道德和伦理追求.人民内部矛盾概念与全心全意为人民服务的宗旨是紧密相联的,二者缺一不可,它与江泽民同志"三个代表"的重要思想是完全一致的.     

马克思文化哲学思想的展开逻辑

马克思是否具有文化哲学思想,这是一个备受学界关注的问题.文章认为,虽然马克思没有频繁地使用"文化"概念,也没有提出系统的文化理论,但是马克思一生的哲学思考中贯穿着人的自由、解放和全面发展的内在逻辑,这实际上是以主体性为核心的文化哲学的逻辑;只有抓住马克思思想的这一内在的文化哲学的逻辑,才能更好地理解马克思晚年人类学笔记对历史唯物主义的补充意义以及他对现代性的文化批判.