城镇化进程中的人口流动与城镇新增贫困人口问题分析

在城镇化的过程中,农村人口净流向城镇。这一方面推动城镇和农村的发展,另一方面带来城镇贫困人口的增加。由农村流入城镇的人口其贫困发生率大致在3%以上。为预防和保障人口流动中的城镇新增贫困人口,应该采取措施分类引导人口的城镇化,建立和完善进入城镇农民的社会保障体系,积极发展城镇服务业等第三产业,避免过度的城市化带来城镇贫困问题的扩大。     

城市外来人口劳动福利获得歧视分析

文章以2008年四大城市的外来人口问卷调查资料为基础,对比分析了本地市民、外来市民和农民工在劳动福利总量及具体福利项目获得上存在的差异及其影响因素,并测算了外来人口所受到的歧视程度。结果表明,三群体在劳动福利获得上存在梯度差异;劳动合同和城市因素对各群体的影响均显著,农民工受人力资本和社会禀赋的双重影响,本地市民和外来市民则受雇主类型的影响较大;与本地市民相比,农民工和外来市民在劳动福利获得上均存在歧视,且前者所受歧视程度大于后者。与外来市民相比,农民工在社会保险参与率上存在歧视,但在假期获得上不存在歧视。     

信息人力资本对农民工城市融合的影响：机理与实证①--以辽宁省农民工为例

本文基于2014年辽宁6县市农民工调查数据,运用 OLS 回归方法,实证分析了信息人力资本对农民工城市融合及其三个层面———经济融合、社会融合、心理融合的影响。结果发现,信息人力资本对农民工城市融合有正向显著的影响,对经济层面、社会层面的融合有显著的正向影响,对心理层面的融合影响不显著。此外,运用分位数回归方法分析了不同城市融合程度下,信息人力资本对城市融合的影响差异,发现在城市融合程度较低时,通过增加信息人力资本可以显著促进农民工城市融合。并运用结构方程模型进行稳健性检验,所得结果与 OLS 回归相吻合。相应的政策建议：为促进农民工城市融合,应该根据不同人群特点,有针对性地加强农民工信息人力资本培训,提高他们信息人力资本水平。     

流动人口在城市劳动力市场中的地位:三群体研究

关于流动人口在城市劳动力市场中的地位问题,过去已有大量文献,但研究重点是农民工。这里把外来市民纳入观察视野,利用2008年"迁移和流动劳动力与中国大城市发展"调查数据,分析工资收入和社会保险参与的影响因素。主要研究发现:在工资收入上,不同户籍身份劳动者之间没有净差异;在养老保险和工伤保险参与上,本市居民、外来市民和农民工参与的可能性依次递减。这意味着,工资收入已经基本上由劳动力市场决定,而社会保险参与依然与户籍身份有关。不过,这种关联方式已经从过去的城乡户籍身份歧视转向本地/非本地权益差异。     

Rural-urban migration and the social mobility of individuals in the Republic of Korea: an analysis of life history data

The paper explores the impact of rural-to-urban migration on the social mobility of individuals, comparing rural-to-urban migrants with rural and urban natives. Using life history data from the 1983 Korean National Migration Survey, the authors examined the pattern of migrant adjustment by estimating the 1st difference form of the autoregressive equation. They found a disruptive effect of rural-to-urban migration that disappears gradually after migration. This study provides strong evidence that most rural-to-urban migrants successfully adapt to urban life through upward occupational mobility relative to both rural and urban natives. This finding sharply contrasts with previous studies on the urban informal sector, which emphasize selective rural-to-urban migration or the inability of migrating individuals to adapt to city life. Moreover, this study showed that a principle cause of the rapid expansion of Seoul is that migrants are more likely to be upwardly mobile when they are destined for Seoul rather than other cities.     

Bridges to nowhere: hosts, migrants, and the chimera of social capital in three African cities

Interest in migrant social networks and social capital has grown substantially over the past several decades. The relationship between “host” and “migrant” communities remains central to these scholarly debates. Recently urbanized cities in Africa, which include large numbers of “native-born” or internal migrants, challenge basic presumptions about host/migrant distinctions informing many of these discussions. Using comparable survey data from Johannesburg, Maputo, and Nairobi, we examine 1) the nature of social connectedness in terms of residence and nativity characteristics; and 2) the relationship between residence and nativity characteristics and three measures of trust within and across communities. Our findings suggest that the host/migrant distinction may not be particularly revealing in African cities where domestic mobility, social fragmentation and the absence of bridging institutions result in relatively low levels of trust both within and across communities. These findings underscore the need for new concepts to study “communities of strangers” and how people strategize their social mobility in urban contexts.     

Social Capital and Migration: How do Similar Resources Lead to Divergent Outcomes?

This article investigates how migrant social capital differentially influences individuals 'migration and cumulatively generates divergent outcomes for communities. To combine the fragmented findings in the literature, the article proposes a framework that decomposes migrant social capital into resources (information about or assistance with migration), sources (prior migrants), and recipients (potential migrants). Analysis of multilevel and longitudinal data from 22 rural villages in Thailand shows that the probability of internal migration increases with the available resources, yet the magnitude of increase depends on recipients' characteristics and the strength of their ties to sources. Specifically, individuals become more likely to migrate if migrant social capital resources are greater and more accessible. The diversity of resources by occupation increases the likelihood of migration, while diversity by destination inhibits it. Resources from weakly tied sources, such as village members, have a higher effect on migration than resources from strongly tied sources in the household. Finally, the importance of resources for migration declines with recipients' own migration experience. These findings challenge the mainstream account of migrant social capital as a uniform resource that generates similar migration outcomes for different groups of individuals or in different settings. In Nang Rong villages, depending on the configuration of resources, sources, and recipients, migrant social capital leads to differential migration outcomes for individuals and divergent cumulative migration patterns in communities.     

农民工就业与就业促进问题实证研究——以北京市为例

随着中国城市化进程的加快,大量的农民从农村来到城市,从事着各种各样的劳动。在中国的产业大军中,农民工数量在迅速增长,农民工日益成为不可或缺的重要力量。由于户籍等原因,作为就业弱势群体的农民工比城镇劳动力面临着更大的失业风险和保障缺失。他们的就业状况究竟如何、他们参加失业保险以及受到就业培训的状况如何,如何促进农民工的就业是值得全社会高度关注的重大问题。本文以北京市为例,就农民工的就业与就业促进问题进行一些分析和探讨。     

第二代外来人口教育及社会融合调查研究——以上海为例

随着外来人口的迁入，第二代外来人口获得了越来越广泛的关注。它不仅是外来人口本身最关心最迫切需解决的问题，更是城市能否持续稳定发展的基本问题。本文对第二代外来人口在家庭和谐及家庭教育、学校教育、社会融合三个方面展开分析。     

Rural-Urban Migration and Reproductive Behavior in Guatemala

Guatemala has the highest fertility of any country in Latin America, and it is also the least urbanized. Projected rural-urban migration will shift more of Guatemala's population from rural areas into towns and cities. This article uses retrospective life-history data collected in migrant origin and destination areas in Guatemala to compare the fertility of rural-urban migrant women to that of rural and urban nonmigrants. Results from discrete-time hazard regression models of union formation, first birth, and third and higher parity births indicate that delayed marriage while still in rural areas, and the rapid adoption of urban fertility practices after migration, result in intermediate migrant fertility that is closer to that of urban natives than rural nonmigrants. If current patterns are any guide to the future, the redistribution of population from high fertility rural areas to towns and cities in Guatemala will accelerate the decline in aggregate fertility beyond what would have resulted from declines in rural and urban fertility alone.     

论北京“城中村”改造——兼述流动人口聚居区合作治理

2009年以来北京开始进行大规模的城中村改造。这场由政府主导的乡村社会变革,对城乡结合部流动人口聚居区产生了重要影响。本文在概括北京城中村改造模式的基础上,对城中村改造的作用给予了积极评价,同时指出城中村改造周边地区可能面临更深的发展困境,应通过合作治理寻求解决城乡结合部流动人口聚居区社会问题的治理之道。目前北京已经具备了实现流动人口聚居区合作治理的基本条件,可以在市区政府是主导、乡村组织是枢纽、社区成员是核心、社会团体和社会单位(企业)是支撑、专业NGO是助推器的合作治理框架下,以生活设施改造和社会管理体制创新为突破口,统筹兼顾尚待城市化地区的协调发展。     

就业状况、社会保障与农民工城市间再流动意愿

本文基于浙江省2513个进城农民工样本,应用描述性统计方法对农民工的就业状况和社会保障进行分析,并建立有序Probit模型对新老两代农民工及不同性别农民工的城市间再流动意愿的影响因素进行了探讨。研究发现,就业状况、社会保障对农民工的城市间再流动意愿产生了重要的影响。此外,家庭结构、流动状况、受教育程度等因素也是影响农民工的城市间再流动意愿的重要因素。这些因素的影响存在着一定的性别差异与代别差异。     

新生代农民工与城市居民社会距离实证研究

本文根据抽样调查的结果,探讨新生代农民工与城市居民社会距离状况及影响因素。本研究发现,新生代农民工还没有完全融入城市居民的生活圈,存在着一定的社会隔离。回归分析结果表明,性别、是否独生子女、城市生活体验、社区参与程度、相对剥夺感对其与城市居民的社会距离感有显著性影响。     

城镇人口过半的挑战与应对

我国城镇人口历史首次超过农村人口,达到51.27%,但这一社会结构历史性转变的背后却存在城镇化水平虚高的问题。如果将城镇人口总数扣除被迫城镇化且生活困难的失地农民,以及未享受市民待遇的流动人口,我国真实的城镇化水平约为41.6%。同时,城镇人口过半以后也面临诸多挑战:整个社会没有建立起顺应城市社会形态的价值体系;对于城镇的作用以及应该怎样发展城市缺乏清醒认识;城市管理对城镇化发展没有做好充分的准备;城市常住居民享有平等的市民待遇任重而道远。因此,应对城镇化挑战,提升城镇化质量的关键在于正确认识城市化的作用和实质,遵循城市发展的自身规律以及积极探索建设顺应城市社会形态的文化体系。     

农民工劳动权益状况分析——基于江苏省常州市的调查

农民工权益保护问题已成为当前我国社会面临的重大课题。文章利用江苏省常州市548位农民工的调查数据,对农民工的劳动权益状况进行了考察。研究发现,在31项有关权益保障的重要指标中,绝大多数指标结果不容乐观,农民工的多项劳动权益不能得到保障。劳动报酬获得、休息休假、劳动合同签订、社会保险与福利等方面的权益受损较为严重。基于调查结果,文章提出了加强农民工权益保障力度、实施人性化的企业管理制度、建立企业社会工作服务体系等对策建议。     

乡城流动背景下低收入地区农村男子的择偶困境——对甘肃省东部蔡村的调查

论文采用访谈和观察的方法,对甘肃省东部蔡村青年男子的择偶困境进行了研究。论文指出,青年农民工的流动使得流出地农村青年男子的择偶难度加大：彩礼飞涨,家庭负担加重;凑合婚增多,婚姻的不稳定性提高等等。贫困地区青年男子的择偶难问题成为中国在发展过程中尤其是城市发展过程中,从婚恋方面对于农村的又一次剥夺。应该把解决农民工的婚姻问题纳入关乎社会和谐与整个社会发展的意识形态中来。论文是对有关农民工婚姻问题研究的重要补充。     

The socio-economic status of migrant populations in regional and rural Australia and its implications for future population policy

The migrant population living in regional and rural Australia has been growing, partly because of the introduction and expansion of a number of state-specific and regional migration programs by the Australian Government over the period since 1995. The programs were created in response to both the skill shortages in regional and rural Australia and environmental and social critiques of urban migration. This study uses data from the 2006 Census of Population and Housing in Australia to compare five socio-economic measures: labour force participation, unemployment, income, educational attainment, and occupational status, between the migrant and Australia-born populations. The results reveal that the migrant population in regional and rural Australia now records similar values for the labour force participation rate, unemployment rate, median individual weekly income, and proportion in high skill level occupations to the Australia-born population. The most notable difference is that migrants have a substantially higher level of education, particularly university education. The differences between men and women on these socio-economic measures are wider for the migrant population than for the Australia-born. Recently-arrived migrants are significantly more educated, more highly skilled and higher paid than their longer-standing counterparts. The study also discusses the differences between the larger migrant groups living in regional and rural Australia. The improvement in the socio-economic outcomes experienced by the migrant population of regional and rural Australia and their broad similarity to those of the Australia-born living in these regions strengthen the case for increasing the proportion of migrant settlers going to these regions.     

The Household Registration System and Migrant Labor in China: Notes on a Debate

The household registration (hukou) system in China, classifying each person as a rural or an urban resident, is a major means of controlling population mobility and determining eligibility for state‐provided services and welfare. Established in the late 1950s, it was initially used to bar rural‐to‐urban migration. After the late 1970s reforms, an inflow of rural migrant workers was allowed into the cities to meet labor demands in the burgeoning export industries and urban services without, however, changing the migrants' registered status, thus precluding their access to subsidized housing and other benefits available to those with urban registration. While there have been many calls for reforming this system, progress has been limited. Proposed reforms have attracted increasing academic and media attention.     

中国农民工最新生存状况研究——基于765名农民工调查数据的分析

调查表明,当前农民工的状况得到有效的改善,特别是工资收入有了明显的提高,拖欠问题有所缓解,政府给农民工提供的服务有所加强,但是农民工收入低、处境困难等基本问题还没有得到根本改变,尤其是农民工比较强烈的市民化愿望也远远没有实现,所以必须在进一步落实各项解决农民工问题的政策的同时,还需要进行制度创新,加大相关投入,逐步消除农民工市民化的制度障碍和资金困难,从根本上解决农民工问题。     

新生代农民工与城市居民的社会距离分析

本文运用2008年宁波城市新生代农民工调查数据,对新生代主体视角下与城市居民社会距离的现状及影响凶素进行了探讨。分析结果发现：以新生代农民工为主体视角的社会距离建立在融入意愿和排斥预期两个层面基础上;与上一代农民工相比．新生代农民工与城市居民的社会距离在增大。社会经济地位、社会关系网络、居住空间和社会文化会显著影响新生代农民丁的社会距离。要促进新生代农民丁的城市融人,缩短新生代农民工与城市居民的社会距离,需要新生代农民工、城市居民、政府和社会等多方行动者的共同努力。