加强生态环境建设实现西部环境与经济"双赢"

西部地区生态环境脆弱,承载能力低下,在遭受严重干扰和破坏后,很难在短时间内恢复.因此,西部大开发绝不能以牺牲生态环境为代价谋取经济的短期增长,而必须走环境与经济"双赢"的发展道路,发展特色经济与绿色经济相结合,建立环境友好型经济体系.建立环境友好的产业群是实现西部地区跨越式发展的根本.     

高原藏族文化的生态环境价值探析——以青海玉树藏族自治州拉布寺"避杀生"为例

独特的生存环境、宗教信仰、自然禁忌等造就了高原藏族灿烂而神秘的传统文化,他们在生活方式、行为方式、风俗习惯等方面,无不体现出人与自然环境的一种良性互动关系。本文以青海玉树藏族自治州拉布寺的"避杀生"为例,解析了神秘的藏族文化所包含的生态环境价值,同时探讨了藏族文化中的生态环境价值得以实践的法资源应包括国家法、佛教教规以及以道德和民间风俗习惯为主的乡规民约等因素。     

论"多型态"表象与"多型态"发展研究--关于西部民族区域经济发展的跨学科交叉分析

在经济全球化和区域化发展的大背景下,区域范畴呈现"多型态"表象与"多层次"结构,亟需从跨学科的广义交叉视角出发进行研究.我国西部民族区域在生态环境、民族文化和社会经济发展各方面都复杂多样,为"多型态"研究提供了最理想与最丰富的田野.在上述"广义交叉视角"的透视下,可以探索一种符合新发展观的、凸显区域和民族特色的"多型态"区域经济发展模式.     

"后小康时代"赫哲族乡村振兴对策研究

乡村振兴是实现赫哲地区现代化的根本所在,也是巩固全面建成小康社会成果的现实需求.尽管新形势下赫哲族在农业农村发展上取得了很大成效,但在乡村振兴过程中仍存在乡村基础设施供给短缺、乡村生态环境亟待改善等突出问题.本文分析了赫哲族乡村振兴存在的问题,结合发展实际,探究了乡村振兴今后的发展对策.     

人与自然和谐相处是构建"和谐西部"的基础

从西部地区脆弱的生态环境状况来看,构建"和谐西部"的基础在于人与自然和谐相处.只有以科学发展观为指导才能真正实现西部地区人与自然和谐相处,从而为"构建社会主义和谐社会"的伟大战略实践打下坚实的基础.     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展     

环境人类学视域下的海洋渔业生态环境问题研究——以粤西硇洲岛渔业生态环境变迁史为例

目前我国海洋生态环境面临环境污染严重、渔业资源衰退、生态环境灾害频发、滨海湿地生态系统破坏严重等问题.这些生态环境问题的出现并不单纯是自然生态系统内部的问题,必须把它们放在民族国家,全球化和现代化的背景下进行分析,从政治、经济、历史等多重视角来理解所面临的生态环境问题与文化之间的关系.本文拟借助环境人类学的理论和方法,以湛江硇洲岛海洋渔业生态环境所面临的问题为个案,从生态环境史的角度,剖析海洋渔业生态环境所面临的困境的原因.     

民族地区全面建设小康社会与生态环境建设

本文论述了民族地区生态环境状况与经济、社会和小康社会建设的关系,揭示了建设小康社会必须以良好的生态环境为基础。少数民族和民族地区只有同时注重经济发展和生态环境的建设,才能建设少数民族和民族地区富裕的小康社会。     

论民族自治地方政府的生态环境管理自治权

民族自治地方政府的生态环境管理自治权是指民族自治地方的人民政府依照<宪法>、<民族区域自治法>、<环境保护法>和其他法律规定的权限,根据本民族、本地区的政治、经济和文化的情况和特点,自主地管理本民族、本地区的生态环境建设事务的一种特定的行政权力.民族自治地方政府生态环境管理自治权的内容较为广泛,经全面实施取得了非常显著的成就.为了实施可持续发展战略,与时俱进,民族自治地方政府应针对其生态环境管理自治权的不足之处积极加以改进,以更好地实现生态环境管理职能,推进民族自治地方生态环境建设事业的良性、长效发展.     

长江上游民族地区生态经济系统

长江上游民族地区的面积占全流域面积的38%,其生态环境的恢复和保护对全流域的可持续发展具有决定性的意义。1998年以后,国家先后在这里实施天然林资源保护工程、生态环境重点治理工程、退耕还林试点工程,进行生态环境的保护和恢复。当生态环境保护和当地经济发展、少数民族群众生活改善相结合,生态环境的恢复与保护才有可持续性。只有对长江上游民族地区的所有传统产业进行生态化改造,并发展新的生态经济部门,在这里建立生态经济系统,才能达到既保护生态环境,又发展经济,改善人民生活的目的,也才能真正实现全流域的可持续发展。     

论青藏高原生态环保立法与高原藏族生态文化观

青藏高原在全国乃至亚洲的生态安全中具有战略地位,但近几十年来该地区的生态环境在逐年恶化。因而,必须制定出符合实际的生态环保法,对这一地区的生态环境予以保护。由于青藏高原的主体民族是藏族,具有以人与自然和谐相处为总体精神的生态文化观,并以可持续发展和公众参与原则为集中体现。因而,在青藏高原生态环保立法中,应以人与自然和谐相处为主要立法指导思想,以可持续发展和公众参与为主要立法原则,对高原藏族生态文化进行充分吸收和借鉴。     

生态教育与西北地区的生态环境

文章论述了西北地区生态环境的现状及其根源,揭示了生态教育与地区环境之间的内在作用机制,提出了加强生态教育、深化生态意识,实现西北地区生态环境可持续发展的具体措施。     

论生态建设与生态旅游协调发展的关系

西部地区经济相对滞后 ,却蕴藏着大量的旅游资源。由于青海地区的开发主要以生态建设为支柱 ,因此 ,发展旅游业 ,开发生态旅游资源是生态建设的一个重要的支点 ,它所产生的经济影响远远大于它的内部经济性。以青海生态建设为依托 ,开发生态旅游资源为发展的先导产业 ,是青海经济可持续发展的推动力。     

全球化背景下的人类生态维护理念

人类已有的生态维护都是从具体文化出发所做出的。生态安全是一个文化概念,不同文化规约下的不同民族对生态理念内涵的界定也因文化而异。以至于我们今天从事生态人类学研究,也需从具体民族入手,对其传统生态知识进行发掘与整理,激发各族人民对自己拥有的传统知识的自信,不断地提升该区域生态知识技能,充分地发挥该区域各民族生态知识价值,实现对区域生态环境的高效利用与精心维护。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

对依法加强三江源区生态移民工程实施的思考

三江源区生态移民工程,既是该源区生态环境保护和建设重大工程的核心内容,也是该源区生态环境保护和建设工程能否最终取得成功的关键所在。所以,在已有基础上,通过法制手段,依法建立生态补偿机制;加大扶贫开发力度;继续推进退牧退耕还林草工程;实施素质教育和职业教育工程以及吸收和推广该地区有利于生态环境保护的本土法资源等,对该源区生态环境的保护和建设尤为重要。     

《格萨尔王传》中生态伦理传统的现代阐释

青藏高原独特的生态环境孕育了藏族先民丰富的生态伦理传统,并以英雄史诗《格萨尔王传》体现出来。通过研究史诗所蕴涵的生态伦理传统,有助于提高现代人的生态意识,这对解决人类所面临的生态危机具有重要的现实意义。     

生态民族学的当代价值

本文主要探讨了理性与非理性、自然生态与民族生境的意义与关系,对文化生态和本土生态知识进行了较为详细地阐述,指出即使在科学技术高度发展的今天,在生态灾变救治的终极目标上仍然需要依靠特定生态背景下特定文化共同体的这本土性知识。     

民族地区生态补偿机制总体框架设计

在借鉴国内外经验的基础上,本文提出了建立民族地区生态补偿机制的总体框架,其中包括了生态补偿的基本要素、管理机制和保障措施三个方面。民族地区生态补偿的基本要素有补偿主体、客体、标准、方式和途径等,它们是整个补偿体系的基础和核心;生态补偿的管理机制包括科学决策机制、综合协调机制、责任追究机制、绩效评估机制和社会参与机制,它们是生态补偿制度能够良好运行的基础;生态补偿的保障措施包括体制保障、政策保障、法制保障、财政保障和意识保障,它们是生态补偿方案能够顺利实施的制度支撑。     

试论西部民族地区生态环境保护的法律构建

西部民族地区的生态环境建设关系到西部大开发战略的实施,关系到区域经济的发展,关系到民族地区的稳定和边疆安全。为了实现经济社会和生态环境保护的和谐发展,客观上要求我们必须在西部民族地区不断完善生态环境保护的法制体系,重视运用法律手段引导、规范、促进和保障西部民族地区生态环境的平衡协调。