国家如何塑造抗争政治——关于社会抗争中国家角色的研究评述

围绕国家如何塑造抗争政治这一核心问题,本文对社会抗争研究领域相关文献进行了梳理。本文将抗争政治研究中的国家区分为稳定的政治结构、较为稳定的政治环境和变化的政治背景三个概念层次,这三个层次上的诸多要素都对社会抗争的兴起、形式和结果以及对抗争主体的身份认同和行动能力产生了重要影响。本文进一步讨论了中国研究中所呈现出的国家与社会抗争的关系,并结合中国经验对抗争政治研究提出了反思。     

草根行动:基层社会治理的框架分析——基于上海的一项案例研究

20世纪90年代以来,中国基层社会管理体制开始了重大的变革,单位制解体,社区制逐渐建立,社区公共物品的供给机制也随之发生了重大变化。"陌生人社会"使得自主治理的集体行动难以产生,这是中国新型基层社会治理面临的现实困境。与此同时,中国的城市社区参与在某种意义上仍然呈现出一种国家治理需要的自上而下的制度安排,居民的行动逻辑与行动策略以及政府与居民的互动过程呈现出不同的特点,如何借力创新社会治理激发基层活力的时代背景,通过构织基层组织网络的框架扩散将宏大的基层社会治理与普通居民的日常草根实践加以勾连?基于上海的一项社区治理案例分析试图展示这一基层社会治理的框架整合模型及其草根行动的内在逻辑。     

村庄民主及其影响因素:一项基于400个村庄的实证分析

村庄基层民主在中国的发展已经近30年,在对这一领域的诸多讨论中,有一个问题仍未得到令人满意的回答:村庄民主在不同地区之间的差异,其背后的影响因素是什么?本文试图使用一个全国性的大样本来定量化地考察各方面因素对村庄民主的影响。本文不仅讨论经济因素,同时也将组织因素与政治因素纳入模型进行定量分析。实证结果显示:(1)从经济因素来看,人均村民收入并不会影响村庄民主;而人均集体收入却呈现一个显著的曲线效果;本地非农经济的发展会促进村庄民主。(2)中国乡土社会的本土性组织资源对于村庄民主的发展具有不可忽略的重要作用:宗族组织的存在会有效地促进村庄民主的发展;村民之间互助程度高的村庄社区也有利于村庄民主。(3)政治因素对村庄民主的效果在本文并未得到证明。     

农民工参加企业培训的影响因素——基于社会交换理论的实证研究

农民工的职业培训,是中国在产业升级的过程中应对结构性失业问题的关键。本次研究以社会交换理论为基本的理论视角,利用上海、深圳和天津等10个城市的问卷调查数据,探讨农民工参加企业职业培训的影响因素。Logistic回归分析结果表明:农民工是否参加过企业组织的培训,与他们的受教育程度、年龄、工作更换次数、专业技术资格、劳动合同签订、月收入和行业类别存在显著相关。依据社会交换理论,利润生成机制的行业差异,劳动者忠诚的重要性程度,以及劳动者将培训技能进行转化的程度和预期时间长短,影响了企业提供职业培训的初始动机及其风险评估,可能导致了上述现象的发生。     

我国长期护理保险待遇给付制度优化研究——基于28个试点城市的比较分析

我国护理服务市场尚不成熟,护理服务人员也有很大缺口。在机构护理服务有限的前提下,非正式的居家护理对于场所、人员要求都较低,是缓解机构护理压力的可行手段。通过给付水平向居家照护倾斜,使居家照护的给付标准高于机构照护,就能够发挥经济杠杆的作用,鼓励社会化机构深入社区和家庭。这样既能满足失能群体居家照护的意愿,也符合当前我国失能护理的现况。     

POI数据视角下的广州酒店空间分布影响因素研究——基于负二项回归模型

基于从酒店门户网站获取的广州酒店POI数据,采用核密度、 Ripley’s K函数和负二项回归方法分析酒店空间布局特征及影响因素,笔者根据研究发现:广州地区的酒店在不同空间尺度下均呈现明显的集聚特征;在广州中心城区、重要功能区及生态良好的外围区域均形成了酒店高密度集聚地,但新兴开发区域的酒店则明显不足。由于广州各街镇酒店数量分布存在过度离散特征,相对于OLS回归和泊松回归,负二项回归模型更适合于POI数据的多元回归分析。通过负二项回归分析发现人口密度、道路密度、区位因素和经济活力对广州各街镇的酒店数量分布均有显著影响,过于密集的人口及接近城市中心的区位都不利于酒店的集聚,而便捷的交通和良好的经济活力则有利于促进酒店集聚。     

城市居民对社区卫生服务的满意度及其影响因素研究 ——基于浙江省11个地市的调查分析

实行分级诊疗制度后, 社区卫生服务机构的重要作用更加凸显. 为了研究分级诊疗制度下城市居民对社区卫生服务的满意度及其影响因素, 笔者选取浙江省11个地市主城区的社区卫生服务中心 (站) 进行了问卷调查, 并利用SPSS 18.0进行了统计分析. 结果显示, 浙江省城市居民对社区卫生服务的总体满意度较高. 提高城市居民对社区卫生服务的满意度, 需要进一步明确社区卫生服务机构的定位, 继续加强硬件设备和人才队伍建设, 努力缩小地区差距, 理顺 医联体 中各成员之间的关系, 加大对社区卫生服务的宣传力度.     

Crisis collective memory making on social media: A case study of three Chinese crises on Weibo

Social media users collectively (re)construct narratives to create memories surrounding past crises. In this study, we connect the concept of collective memory with a public-oriented approach to crisis communication to examine how crisis response frames and collective memory narratives were displayed by different social actors (government, organizations, and publics) on one of China’s social media platforms, Weibo. Findings from a content analysis of 9238 unique posts on three national crises (the 2010 Yushu Earthquake, the 2015 Tianjin Explosions, and the 2018 Vaccine Scandal) reveal that Chinese publics tended to adopt social issue and blaming frames, while the government and organizations were more prone to using informing and corrective action frames. When recalling and reconstructing crisis memories, Chinese publics used more power and contestation narrative, while the government frequently adopted the nationalism narrative; with trauma being the predominant narrative displayed across the three crises and social actors. Crisis response frames of blaming, crediting, and corrective action were significantly associated with narratives of power and contestation, heroism, and nationalism, respectively. Theoretical implications for future research on crisis collective memory making on social media and suggestions for governmental crisis communication are discussed.     

A comparative study on Italian new communities abroad: the cases of Tunisia and South Africa1

This paper presents two case studies about Italian new communities abroad: one Tunisian and one South African. These case studies were conducted – in a larger international research project on 14 countries – with different types of interview: focus interviews, in-depth interviews, focus groups, etc. The mixed interview modes brought to light how – with a different research strategy (methodological triangulation): quantitative and qualitative data – our complex social experience can be inquired into, in particular migration processes. The authors decided to utilise semi-standardised and non-standardised techniques. This paper discusses how the mixed research logic – utilised in both of these cases – is very productive in terms of knowledge. It seems that focus group interviewing techniques (and others) have been used progressively more and more over the past years as both a self-contained method for conducting qualitative research and in combination with other research methods. In the authors’ opinion, mixed-methods research (or multiple research strategies) represents a smaller corpus of literature that is getting increased attention. The essays in our paper are grouped along four themes: (a) economic development and globalisation; (b) perceptions and discourses; (c) the new migration phenomenon; and (d) fragmentation of identity. The authors believe that rebuilding a morceau de vie of Italian emigration helps to better analyse the role of the communities of immigrants in the construction of national processes. As a result of this, their survey introduces reflections on theoretical—methodological logic and concurs with placing such aspects in a global and social structural dimension. However, the universal and social structural dimension can be extended to the specific case. Its contribution in the first part investigates a variety of linkages of migration with broader processes of social–economic development and social globalisation. That global patterns of migration and the processes of globalisation are linked in various ways has long been recognised. The second part of the paper stresses the meaning of perceptions and discourses linked with the migration phenomenon and underlines the importance of an accurate methodological approach in order to provide new sociological points of view and appropriate research strategies.     

A comparative study of the water budgets of lawns under three management scenarios

The fate of irrigation in urban ecosystems is highly uncertain, due to uncertainties in urban ecohydrology. We compared irrigation rates, soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET), stomatal conductance, and water budgets of landscape ecosystems managed with different turfgrass species and irrigation technologies. The “Typical” landscape had a cool-season fescue and was irrigated by an automatic timer. The “Alternative1” landscape had a warm-season paspalum and a “smart” soil moisture sensor-based irrigation system. The “Alternative2” landscape had a cool-season native sedge and a “smart” weather station-based drip irrigation system. ET was measured with a portable closed chamber and modeled using a Penman-Monteith approach, and the two methods agreed well. The water applied to the Alternative1 was 54 % less than the water applied to the Typical landscape, and the water applied to the Alternative2 was 24 % less. Soil moisture was similar in the Typical and Alternative2, while Alternative1 was drier in spring. The stomatal conductance of sedge was lower than the other two species, but its ET was not lower due to higher leaf area. Irrigation efficiencies (ET/applied irrigation) were 57 - 58 %, 86 – 97 %, and 78 - 80 % for the Typical, Alternative1, and Alternative2 landscapes, respectively. Runoff was less than 2 % in each landscape, and excess irrigation primarily drained below the root zone. Differences in irrigation efficiency between landscapes were due mainly to irrigation application, which varied more than species water use. Smart irrigation systems provided substantial water savings relative to a timer-based system, and prevented significant drainage losses. The utilization of smart sensors was more important than the choice of turfgrass species for irrigation efficiency.     

A continuous time model of the bandwagon effect in collective action

The paper offers a complex and systematic model of the bandwagon effect in collective action using continuous time equations. The model treats the bandwagon effect as a process influenced by ratio between the mobilization efforts of social activists and the resources invested by the government to counteract this activity. The complex modeling approach makes it possible to identify the conditions for specific types of the bandwagon effect, and determines the scope of that effect. Relying on certain behavioral assumptions, these conditions are only indirectly connected to individual beliefs, so that a given bandwagon effect can be explained and planned without knowing the exact preferences of the players' preferences. Received: 25 February 1999/Accepted: 30 November 1999     

两种“反抗史”的书写——斯科特和底层研究学派的对比评述

对与常规政治相对的对抗性政治的研究分为以西方世界为对象的社会运动研究和以第三世界为对象的革命/抵抗研究。斯科特与底层研究学派同属后一种,均关注第三世界底层,从葛兰西承继颇多,以书写未被书写的反抗史为学术使命,拒绝底层无政治的偏见,分别以公开政治vs.底层政治、公民社会vs.政治社会两分法划出与精英政治不同的独特底层政治,同时提升了政治的复杂性与底层的复杂性。在研究意识形态支配时,二者都回应葛兰西关于底层被霸权、没有独立统一的意识形态的论断,强调底层意识的独立性;在对底层抵抗行为的研究上,都意在克服关于底层的理论中成长史和悲剧史两种偏颇。但两派理论的区别在于,前者视底层为有统一意识形态而无公开行动,后者视底层为有公开行动而无统一意识形态,即对两种偏颇采取了不同的克服方向。     

The effect of collective bargaining on production technique: A theoretical analysis

A general equilibrium approach is used to model the union effect on capitalintensity of the union and nonunion sectors. Unlike earlier general equilibrium approaches, union power is assumed to be affected by the production technique chosen. The labor relations literature argues that union power is enhanced by a high capital to labor ratio. This assumption is built into a simple two sector (union and nonunion), general equilibrium model. It is found that failing to account for the effects of capital intensity on union power results in an understatement of unions’ ability to redistribute income from capital to labor. The author thanks Jan Brueckner and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and suggestions.     

Theorizing Media Memory: Six Elements Defining the Role of the Media in Shaping Collective Memory in the Digital Age

This article wishes to untangle the relationships between media and collective memory and present the contribution of communication scholarship in general, and journalism studies in particular, to our understanding of the term “collective memory.” After presenting the roots of the concept, the article deconstructs it by providing six perspectives on the term: (a) its multidirectional disposition (from the present to the past and vice versa), (b) its concretization in media texts and other products, (c) the functional role it plays for the community, (d) its socio‐political aspects, (e) the technological qualities of the process of the mediatization, (f) its narratological characteristics and formation. Each of the abovementioned attributes throws a different light on the mediation of collective memory and provides insights regarding the role of the media in the construction of cultural memory and shared recollections in the digital age.     

Innovating the provision of welfare services through collective action: the case of Italian social cooperatives

Social cooperatives are the most widespread social enterprise type in Italy. Their evolution has stimulated the development of diverse interpretative frameworks of social enterprise determinants: the mainstream one is that social cooperatives are the outcome of contracting out policies. Through a critical investigation of social cooperatives’ emergence, integration into public policies, and reaction to the financial crisis, the authors refocus attention to one of the key modes of creation of social enterprises that has not gained the attention it deserves: the bottom-up dynamic. The analysis carried out sheds light on the contribution of citizens’ mobilization to institutional change and confirms that social enterprises can also emerge in an unprepared and hostile ideological, economic and political context.     

A Sisterhood: The Collective Resilience Born in the Periphery of Prison

The collateral consequences of incarceration and prison visitation, transcend the boundaries of prison and transform women's lives. Through an intersectional approach, this research uncovers in what capacity degradation and secondary prisonization shape women's lives, and what coping mechanisms women form in response to the difficulties of visitation. Existing research has yet to identify visitors' relationships to one another and how these relationships aid in fostering coping strategies and resilience within the carceral realm. To fill the gaps, I employed qualitative research to explore the process of visitation, processing procedures, challenges of visitation, staff relations, and women's support systems. Findings indicated visitors are subject to an environment of gendered, racist, and classist oppression that varies in degree depending on social heirarchy and status. However, as a manifestation of resilience, women construct coping mechanisms in the form of information and support networks that aid in the dismantling the prevailing culture of scarcity of information and the degradation of free women by prison staff. These marginalized women habitually resist carceral domination through informal interpersonal support systems.