产业群聚与产业的升级改造——以广东东莞的数码制造业为例

东莞数码产业的现状及其产业的发展路径表明,东莞产业升级与改造主要在于利用已有的国际大型数码制造商以及已建立起的相对完善的数码业的配套优势,发挥吸聚作用进一步促进产业的群聚;对原有企业的升级与改造则可通过产业群聚使群内的国内外先进企业对本地企业产生拉拨效应而实现。     

The Taiwan system of innovation in the tool machine industry: a case study

Recent evidence suggests that the Taiwan’s machine tool industry as a whole is prominent in the world, ranking sixth in output and fifth in exports. This paper explores the current status and features of Taiwan’s national systems of innovation (NSI) for its machine tool industry. It is suggested that five major elements of the NSI explain the extensive diffusion of new technologies in the industry, namely: industry clusters, educational system, bridging institutions, government policy, and global business environment. Further, the structural and institutional problems of the innovation system are identified. Future directions of technology development are also discussed.     

Developing an understanding of lean thinking in process industries

The research described in this article has set out to determine the extent to which lean thinking is being adopted as a manufacturing philosophy by process industries. It concerns the application and examination of key lean manufacturing principles, namely, the alignment of production with demand, the elimination of waste, the integration of suppliers (IS) and the creative involvement of the workforce in improvement activities, to a range of process industry types based on Dennis and Meredith's taxonomy of process industry transformation systems [Dennis, D. and Meredith, J., 2000a. An empirical analysis of process industry transformation systems. Management Science, 46 (8), 1085–1099]. Seventy-nine process industry product streams across 62 sites were studied. In addition, a five-site investigative field study was also undertaken. The findings demonstrate that lean practices associated with the elimination of waste are consistently used for improving manufacturing performance throughout the taxonomy of process industries but practices associated with other lean principles are inconsistently applied. In addition, explanations are provided on the appropriateness of lean thinking as a manufacturing philosophy and a strategy for improving manufacturing performance in different process industry types, and on the extent to which lean principles and practices are dependent on the characteristics of process industry transformation systems.     

基于I-O与SVAR模型的制造业完全能耗强度影响因素研究

改革开放以来,制造业完全能耗强度尽管总体呈下降趋势,但与发达国家相比,仍处于高位。本文考虑了制造业隐含能源消耗,基于投入产出法构建了制造业完全能耗强度测度公式,并基于WSR方法论构建了制造业完全能耗强度影响因素体系,运用SVAR模型探究1980-2016年各因素对制造业完全能耗强度的影响规律。结果表明,在短期内,企业规模、产业结构、能源价格、技术进步、FDI等对制造业完全能耗强度影响程度相对较大。企业平均规模与重工业占比、技术进步率上升,制造业完全能耗强度下降;而能源价格、FDI上升,制造业完全能耗强度上升。中长期内,企业规模、产权结构、能源价格、产业结构、技术进步等对制造业完全能耗强度影响程度相对较大。能源价格、国有企业占比、技术进步率上升,制造业完全能耗强度先降后升;企业平均规模、重工业占比上升,制造业完全能耗强度先升后降。适度扩大企业规模,合理调控能源价格,推进产权结构多元化等对降低制造业完全能耗强度贡献相对突出。     

化工行业二氧化碳减排潜力分析模型及应用

化工行业是全球耗能和二氧化碳排放大户,由于其产品结构复杂,减排影响因素众多,探索其二氧化碳减排潜力和路径成为国内外研究的焦点之一。本文结合化工行业的产品结构特点构建了一套化工行业二氧化碳减排潜力综合分析模型:首先结合化工行业产品种类繁多的特点,分别从行业和产品视角构建了一种两阶段二氧化碳排放核算模型;在此基础上,综合考虑化工行业的发展规模、结构调整、技术进步等因素,建立了化工行业二氧化碳减排潜力的情景分析方法。最后以中国西部唯一的直辖市、国家首批低碳试点城市——重庆市的化工行业为例进行应用分析。结果显示, 随着石油化工的引进,未来重庆化工行业二氧化碳排放总量仍将保持高速增长的态势,2020年之前难以达到拐点;而随着精细化工比例的不断提高,产品能效水平的改善,未来二氧化碳排放强度下降明显。最后结合中国化工行业发展的实际提出化工行业低碳发展应坚持产品结构调整和技术进步并行的原则。     

The Impact of Trade on Intra‐Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity

This paper develops a dynamic industry model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the intra‐industry effects of international trade. The model shows how the exposure to trade will induce only the more productive firms to enter the export market (while some less productive firms continue to produce only for the domestic market) and will simultaneously force the least productive firms to exit. It then shows how further increases in the industry's exposure to trade lead to additional inter‐firm reallocations towards more productive firms. The paper also shows how the aggregate industry productivity growth generated by the reallocations contributes to a welfare gain, thus highlighting a benefit from trade that has not been examined theoretically before. The paper adapts Hopenhayn's (1992a) dynamic industry model to monopolistic competition in a general equilibrium setting. In so doing, the paper provides an extension of Krugman's (1980) trade model that incorporates firm level productivity differences. Firms with different productivity levels coexist in an industry because each firm faces initial uncertainty concerning its productivity before making an irreversible investment to enter the industry. Entry into the export market is also costly, but the firm's decision to export occurs after it gains knowledge of its productivity.     

Identifying and using critical success factors

This article focuses on defining and discussing the concept of critical success factors as input into the environment analysis, resource analysis, and strategy evaluation steps in the strategic planning/strategy development process. The reader is provided with eight possible sources of critical success factors including environmental analysis, analysis of industry structure, industry/business experts, analysis of competition, analysis of dominant firm in the industry, company assessment, temporal/intuitive factors and PIMS results. Examples of CSF's from various sources are provided and a scheme by which the reader can assess the relative importance of identified CSF's is presented.     

Redistributing food manufacturing: models for the creation and operation of responsive and agile production networks

Abstract

The food industry is a mature industry where its profit margins are thin and its R&D failure rate for new products is substantial. Both facts indicate that decent return on development investment cannot be provided and that the food industry cannot still rely on its traditional way of thinking and innovating. New product development cycles should involve not only the product itself but also the entire manufacturing and distribution network. Hence, collaborative manufacturing and servitization models are key elements for the rapid transformation of the new food industry. Moreover, recent developments in technology have the potential to shift manufacturing production away from large scale manufacturing plants to a network of distributed, smaller scale localized and customizable manufacturing facilities. Such a network is the crucial enabler for the on-demand manufacture of new or even, existing food products to rapidly respond to the consumers´ demands.     

Institutional Predictors of and Complements to Industry Self‐regulation with Regard to Labor Practices

In recent years, there has been increasing managerial and academic attention given to a variety of mechanisms for companies to respond to stakeholder concerns about global business ethics. One area that merits further analysis is the role of industry‐level cooperation regarding issues in global business ethics such as labor practices. There are two main issues that we will address in this article: institutional pressures that predict when an industry will create a code of conduct and institutional complements for an industry‐level code of conduct to be “successful” with regard to responding to stakeholder concerns about international business operations. We offer a number of propositions—bringing together work from both the corporate social responsibility and (neo)institutional theory literatures—with regard to both predictors and complements of industry self‐regulation in reference to labor practices.     

A methodology for industrial studies of productivity performance

This article describes a methodology for measuring productivity and competitiveness in industry. The methodology is developed mainly for the mechanical industry (including shipyards, offshore and electromechanical companies). Two different approaches are described—one is based on a self-audit using a questionnaire answered by the industry itself, the second, using a more complete audit, is based on expert teams analysing the company. The productivity is described by indicators given points on a scale from 1 to 7 (1—far behind international competitors, 7—(best practice’).     

Development and implementation of new technologies in the steel industry

At each successive stage in the R&D cycle leading to the commercialization of a new technology, management in any industry must reevaluate prospects and make decisions accordingly. However, for the steel industry the difficulties of this kind of decision-making throughout the usually lengthy R&D cycle are heightened by the very nature of the industry. For example, the large scale of its processes and the high capital costs for plants for new processes mean that the progressive scale-ups during a given development may themselves cost millions. From Bethlehem Steel's experience the author cites one new product and two major process developments to illustrate technical and economic considerations that enter into decision-making as R&D moves step by step toward the commercialization of new technology.     

物流业能源消费的替代效用和城镇化效用研究

在探讨城镇化进程及物流业能源消费现状的基础上,根据柯布——道格拉斯生产函数,将能源要素进行单列,提出了物流业能源需求理论,对物流业能源消费的替代效用和城镇化效用进行了理论分析。然后,建立计量方程并进行了参数估计。实证结果表明,物流业电力消费能显著替代汽柴油消费,减轻了其对汽柴油的依赖。城镇化、物流路网增长、内贸发展也显著地促进了物流业汽柴油消费。案例研究表明,鉴于客户对于物流环保与低碳的高要求,杭州汤氏物流有限公司总部2014年初以来就全部使用电动叉车替代柴油叉车,较好地实现了电力消费替代柴油消费,即环保又节省了成本。建议政府：改善物流业能源消费结构,走低能耗之路;建议大力推广电动车辆应用于物流业中;建议合理推进城镇化的发展并加强内外贸与物流业的协同发展。     

产业生命周期不同阶段的最优集体创新网络结构

本文采用仿真方法从创新效率的角度对产业生命周期不同阶段下的最优集体创新网络结构进行了研究。研究发现,在产业生命周期的导入期,以较高的平均聚集系数为特征的规则网络具有最高的集体创新效率;在产业生命周期的成长期,以较高的小世界系数为特征的小世界网络具有最高的集体创新效率;当产业生命周期进入成熟期以后,以较短的最短路径长度为特征的随机网络具有最高的集体创新效率。本文通过对上述结果的进一步分析得出,上述结果是由以下三个层次的原因造成的。第一,产业生命周期的不同阶段具有不同的产业知识特征和技术机会。第二,产业知识特征会影响产业内部的知识流动和企业实现知识重组的能力,而技术机会的多少会影响企业搜寻并发现创新机会的能力。第三,较高的网络平均聚集系数有利于促进知识流动,而较短的平均最短路径长度有利于企业搜寻并发现创新机会。最后,本文提出了以上结论对创新政策制定者的一些重要启示。     

How do industry and country impact firm performance? A national and supranational analysis

We contribute to the literature of the country, industry and firm effects on performance by developing an autoregressive cross-classified mixed-effect linear model that examines heterogeneity in the profitability of corporations in emerging and developed economies, as well as corporations located in different supranational regions. To this purpose, we simultaneously decompose abnormal returns into permanent and transitory components at the firm, industry, country and industry–country levels. We find that firms in emerging countries have significantly higher rates of performance persistence and different sources of persistence compared to firms located in developed countries. These differences are also evident between different supranational regions and countries at different levels of institutional development.

     

Corporate environmental policy in Shell

In the last decade there has been a radical change in public attitudes to the environment—a change initiated by a young ‘green’ movement, which, years ago, was trying to make its real concern heard in both government and industry. Governments were seen to have little concern for the environment, and industry was typecast in the role of the dirty polluter. Most significantly, the three parties were seen as sitting in separate camps. Over the years, however, we in industry were forced to think our actions through towards their logical environmental conclusion. We were forced to develop an environmental appreciation which we did not have some time ago. In turn, the environmentalists and governments started to realize that industry is an essential player in society, and that balances can be struck which benefit both society and the environment. We have much to be grateful to these green pioneers for, even if we sometimes find that difficult to admit. This process resulted in industry, government and the ‘green’ movement learning to talk to each other. Dialogue, is most important if we are to ensure the continuation of a world fir for our children and grandchildren to grow up in. Dialogue ensures that the tide of change continues. In that process business should become part of the environmental solution, the provider of the resources needed to improve our world for the better rather than being portrayed as the problem.     

Effect of R&D expenditures and funding strategies on the market value of biotech firms

Market value of biotech firms is important to investors and venture capitalists who keep this industry alive and dynamic. It is a particularly valuable index of investors' estimate of current and future success of the firms in this industry because other conventional indices of performance and success are inappropriate. Our hypothesis is that market value in this industry can be explained in terms of funding strategies and R&D expenditures. Using all sixty publicly-held biotech firms, that are included in a national directory for such firms engaged in the research of biotech products for human use, we estimate multiple regression models that explain most of the variance in market value using funding strategies and R&D expenditures (R-squared = 0.93). Our models also demonstrated that small biotech firms (< $10 million in total revenue) are substantially different from larger ones.     

Retail competition in the fast-moving consumer goods industry: The case of France and the UK

UK retailers in the fast-moving consumer goods industry focus their strategy on building loyalty through quality ‘own’ labels. By contrast, French retailers compete aggressively on price. Judy and Marcel Corstjens, and Rajiv Lal argue that either a ‘two-tier’ or parallel system will evolve in the future or a national industry will tend to oscillate from one strategy to another. Retailers must decide which of the two strategies they will consistently adopt.     

Mechanization in building construction projects: assessment and views from the practitioners

Abstract

While mechanization has been widely adopted in the current construction industry, little research has been done to assess the level of mechanization in building construction projects. The aims of this study are to propose a framework that can assess the level of mechanization in building construction projects, to develop a computer-based tool that can help assess mechanization levels, and to collect the views of industry practitioners regarding mechanization. To achieve these goals, a comprehensive literature review was conducted first, and based on which a six-layer assessment framework, namely Mechanization Index for Building Construction Projects, was proposed. After that, Mechanization Index Assessment Tool, a computer-based tool that can assess the level of mechanization in building construction projects, was developed. The developed tool was adopted in 14 construction projects in Singapore. Assessment results showed that the mechanization level of the projects was 48.54 percent out of 100, which is moderate. Results also reported that ‘site preparation’ and ‘underground piping’ were two work types that are more mechanized, while work types of ‘formwork’, ‘tiling’, and ‘painting’ were relatively less mechanized. Additionally, industry practitioners perceived that the mechanization levels in the current building construction projects and industry were moderate and more efforts should be put in this regard, especially from the perspective of the industry. This study is the first piece of research work that assesses the level of mechanization in building construction projects and thus, it contributes to the body of knowledge. Furthermore, the assessment tool developed can easily be used either by industry practitioners or by construction authorities to do mechanization assessment. Thus, this study contributes to the practice as well.     

Future trends in computing

This paper examines the important developments which are taking place within the technologies associated with computing and communications. The author claims that the future of computing in the U.K. depends upon four elements. The availability of the most up to date processing and storage components; the existence of a great variety of ‘end-user’ and other peripheral and terminal devices incorporating these components; a wide range of standards and software and supporting services making it easier to design, create, debug and operate micro-based systems; an awareness throughout industry and society of the new opportunities emerging and the impediments in the U.K. to reaping full benefits from them.

In this paper the author examines the problems which the U.K. require to overcome in developing an effective and profitable computer industry. Furthermore, through a historical evaluation of developments in Japan and other countries, in particular the role of government investment, the author examines four possible options which are open to the U.K. in relation to its development of the computer industry. Finally, the author emphasizes the importance of making the correct choices now since the lead times for developments, and the rapid rate for development, necessitates that the U.K. industry settles on the ‘right-lines’ as soon as possible.     

房地产价格波动经济影响的一般均衡研究

改进了社会核算矩阵(SAM)的跨墒平衡方法,并在此基础上编制了中国2007年SAM.然后运用CGE模型,在一般均衡的视角下,对房地产价格波动的经济影响进行了定量研究.主要发现:房地产价格波动对各宏观经济变量影响显著;各行业产出与房地产价格的变动方向一致,建筑业、重工业、公用事业以及房地产业自身等所受的影响相对较大;房地产价格上涨与下跌使得所有居民的收入都下降,但各收入等级城镇居民所受的影响并不相同,而政府和企业的收入与房地产价格变动的方向一致;总体来看,房地产价格上涨对经济增长的带动效应较大,但相同幅度价格下跌的负面冲击更大.