《中华人民共和国刑法》第156条“通谋”司法解释之我见

司法解释对《中华人民共和国刑法》(以下简称《刑法》)第156条"通谋"的理解有自相矛盾之嫌,一方面将"通谋"扩大解释为共同犯罪故意的形成;另一方面认为"通谋"包括"明知"和"多次帮助"的情形,从而将没有意思联络即没有形成共同犯罪故意的帮助行为包括进来。司法解释对"通谋"的解释结论实际上是一种司法拟制,违反了罪行法定原则。从中立帮助行为理论的角度看,司法解释的结论也不妥当,因为只有不适当地增大了法益侵害危险的中立帮助行为才能以共同犯罪论处。     

教唆自杀行为之可罚性新探——限制从属性说与混合惹起说之提倡

关于教唆自杀行为是否具有可罚性,在学界存在肯定说和否定说之间的对立。目前所存的学说由于其自身的缺陷或者与中国目前刑法理论体系不相符合而无法完整地解释教唆自杀的可罚性来源。限制从属性说和混合惹起说能够科学地说明教唆自杀的可罚性。从共犯的从属性和可罚本质说明,在正犯行为不构成犯罪的情况下,共犯行为却具有较正犯更严重的社会危害性,因此,教唆自杀行为应当独立成罪。     

民族互嵌视域下西藏社区治理的实践经验与推进策略

西藏社区作为铸牢中华民族共同体意识和维护社会安定的基层空间与关键场域,有其自身的文化特质、运行机理和治理逻辑,是透视整体社会运行的重要切口。随着西藏经济社会发展,多民族杂居社区不断增多,这既给各民族交往交流交融提供了活动空间,也为推进基层治理现代化提供了实践平台。民族互嵌本质上是不同民族行为思想体系与社会结构系统的集合体,深入分析民族互嵌视域下西藏社区的格局样态、治理经验及推进路径,既回应了西藏社区治理实践创新与现代化转型的情境要求,也有助于促进多元文化在社区中融合发展,达成场域稳定、精神共享的状态,为推动西藏长治久安和高质量发展打牢基础。     

铸牢中华民族共同体意识的规范基础及其构建路径

加强铸牢中华民族共同体意识的法治保障,是推动各民族为全面建设社会主义现代化国家而共同奋斗的必由之路。构建以宪法及宪法相关法为根基,以民族团结进步促进法为核心,以民法典为依托,以刑法为保障,以其他法律法规、规章和规范性文件为补充的法律规范体系,是加强铸牢中华民族共同体意识法治保障的根本前提。为有序推进铸牢中华民族共同体意识规范基础的建构,亟需在系统分析和准确把握以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线的党的基本政策“入宪”“入法”、民族工作法律法规清理完善及推进民族工作高质量发展的新兴法律需求的有效回应等主要问题的基础上,修改宪法及宪法相关法、刑法等相关规定,完善全面实施民法典的配套措施,制定引导和规范国家机关、企事业单位、社会组织和公民参与民族团结进步创建、促进各民族交往交流交融的专门法律及其配套法规,由此才能达成以良法促善治的目的。     

西北走廊发展中的主体性与话语分析——兼论人类学参与式行动研究的实践价值

本文概述了西北民族走廊的发端、演变和定型的过程。首先,以历史的视角解析甘肃-青海区域性社会的文化形态,尤其注重在多源主体(plural subjects)与帝制中国(imperial China)的中央王朝进行交往的过程中如何形成礼仪网络,以及在其间的甘青社会模棱两可的地位和媒介作用。在重构该区权力支配关系的基础上,对西北走廊边际群体的主体性问题作简要介绍,试图把理论性研究与案例分析相结合。其次,以应用人类学研究为基础,尝试提出超越发展矛盾的原理及实现方法,以便为相关政策的完善提供借鉴,使当地挣脱发展话语桎梏。与目前已采用的西北区域发展与资源开发模式相比,本文所阐述的"参与式行动"(participatory action)及其相关研究有助于组织少数民族与地方社区的力量,达到预定的目标,进一步把介入者(intervenors)与被介入者(intervented)的主体-客体对立关系(subject-object dicothomy)转换成前者与后者相互依存、共享发展成果的主体间性关系(inter-subjective relations)。最后,重新认定本学科的学术地位及其实用性价值,认为人类学的田野工作在梳理地方性知识的前提下,更应当找出对应援助发展项目的合理方式,提供相似案例等研究成果来处理在政策制订、执行与评价的整个过程(policy process)中可能出现的问题。     

简论经济犯罪与死刑

我国是世界上对经济犯罪适用死刑的极少数国家之一。随着我国经济的发展,我国的经济犯罪也日益严重,立法机关希望通过死刑的适用来遏制经济犯罪。但事与愿违,死刑的适用并没有收到预期的效果,还违背了刑罚的目的和罪刑均衡原则。因此,我国在立法上应当废除对经济犯罪的死刑,规定经济犯罪的法定最高刑为无期徒刑,并附加适用财产刑。     

极端民族主义恐怖犯罪的刑事控制及其评价

After entering the 21st century, ter￣rorist crimes have become more serious. Terrorism has become one of the worst problems of the mod￣ern world and will continue to be a serious problem in the future. China is also facing the challenge of terrorist crime. Can the present criminal system accomplish the mission of legislative control of these crimes and fulfill the goal of penalising them? It seems that a review and evaluation of the rele￣vant criminal legislation and policies is necessary.
There are different definitions of terrorist crimes. American scholars Alex P. Schmid and Albert J. Jongman gave a review of 109 different definitions that appeared during the period from 1936 to 1983 , and proposed their own opinions in the book Political Terrorism. Chinese scholar Hu Lianhe analyzed 50 definitions that appeared after 1982, and proposed his own idea. On January 1 2016 , the third article of the Zhonghua renmin gongheguo fan kongbu zhuyi fa ( Anti -terrorism Law of the P. R. C) formally defines “terrorism”and “terrorist activities”. Generally speaking, both the academic and legal definitions have gener￣alized three characteristics of “terrorist crime”from subjective and objective aspects: 1 ) taking social order, public security, personnel and prop￣erty as the target of the ( terrorist ) behavior; 2 ) hurting the targets described above or threatening the state organs or international organizations by way of violence, destruction or intimidation; 3 ) taking the realization of some certain political or i￣deological purpose and claims as the ultimate goal of the ( terrorist) behavior.
Concerning the relation between extreme na￣tionalism and terrorism, the general idea is that“there is no pure form of nationalism; it is always combined with some certain political or social pow￣er, and characterized with social movement or his￣torical process”. And seeing from the development course of terrorism,“nationalism is one of the most permanent roots of terrorism”, and is also “one of the most powerful roots of terrorism.”
China has mainly experienced five revisions of its law concerning terrorist crimes: 1 ) revising criminal law in 1997 , and including terrorist or￣ganizations into the criminal penalty for the first time ; 2 ) legislating about terrorist crimes in the xingfa xiuzhengan san ( Criminal Law Amendment III) in 2001; 3 ) intensifying the applicability of the criminal law to terrorist crimes in the xingfa xi￣uzhengan ba ( Criminal Law Amendment VIII ) in 2011;4 ) including technical detection measures of crime on terrorist activities in the xingshi susong fa ( Criminal Procedure Law) revised in March 2012, thereby establishing the legal position of this kind of detection measure in criminal procedure; 5 ) substantially adding accusations in the xingfa xi￣uzhengan jiu ( Criminal Law Amendment IX ) re￣vised in 2015 , and strongly fighting against the ter￣rorist crime .
“As one of the social policies, criminal policy is a kind of countermeasure to handle different kinds of crime without delay - this determines that the formulation of criminal policy is bound to social politics and economics in a period of time.”Since the founding of New China, China has made up corresponding criminal policies according to the social needs and criminal status in different eras. In order to maintain a harmonious relationship be￣tween various ethnic groups, and respect the ethnic culture and customs, a criminal policy called “li￣angshao yikuan” (“less arrested, less killed, and punished leniently”) had been carried out con￣cerning the ethnic minority crimes. However, this criminal policy which had played an important role in juridical practice in handling criminal cases of ethnic minorities is unlikely to be a basic criminal policy for the control of extreme nationalist terrorist crimes in the present day. On the new historical stage,“kuanyan xiangji” ( combining punishment with leniency) has become a basic policy for deal￣ing with criminals in China—this policy is based on the inheritance of the rational connotation of the combination of serious and lenient punishment in the criminal policy, and learning the experience or lessons of “seriously fighting” criminal crimes since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy. Doubtlessly, this new criminal policy has a guidance significance in the punishment of all criminal activities, including extreme nationalist terrorist crimes of the present.
A basic evaluation of China’ s criminal legis￣lation on the punishment of extreme nationalist ter￣rorist crimes is:1 ) it has developed from non-ex￣istence to existence; the relevant criminal legisla￣tion is in accord with the developmental direction of domestic terrorist crimes and the anti-terrorism situation;2 ) it has worked in concert with the anti-terrorism strategy of the UN, and performed a state party’ s duty;3) it has an obvious tendency of “severe penalty ”; 4 ) the revision of criminal law has started to be influenced by the risk concept of criminal law.
In summation, China ’ s criminal legislation and criminal policies have a positive significance in controlling the extreme nationalist terrorism crimes. However, there are still some deficiencies of the strategies of controlling crime. Hence, the following issues should be addressed in the subse￣quent legislation: 1 ) Before identifying a kind of behavior as a crime, one should judge whether the duty attached to the new accusation is a kind of ex￣cessive demand on the ordinary people;2 ) The ra￣tionality of the expected goal of criminal legislation cannot guarantee the rationality of a specific sys￣tem, therefore, the lawmakers also need to consid￣er whether the measures for realizing the goal are reasonable. 3) The deserved function of the non-criminal penalty method should be noticed, and it should be developed rationally and harmoniously together with the criminal penalty,thus a solid sys￣tem which can control extreme nationalist terrorist crime should then be constructed. 4) The guaran￣tee of human rights also cannot be ignored in the anti-terrorist legislation and criminal policies.     

研究少数民族刑事习惯法的三个视角

对少数民族刑事习惯法的研究,不应仅限于重拾与简单描述,应着眼于从价值、发展和基本路径等方面的提升.价值表达了少数民族刑事习惯法与国家法在终极目的上的同归及对民众法律信仰的诱致意义;发展则展示了少数民族刑事习惯法未来的理想型预期;路径则进一步揭示了研究少数民族刑事习惯法的基本要求,即超越与实证.这种表述逻辑可能对习惯法研究的理路回归更具有学理意义.     

少数民族犯罪社会控制论

本文将犯罪社会控制分为国家本位与社会本位两种形态,认为我国的犯罪控制必将实现由国家本位向社会本位的转型:刑事政策需要调整、重视非刑法规范的功能、倡导社会而非政府主导。论文认为中国少数民族犯罪的社会控制必须适应这种转型,尊重民族政策、关注民族因素,并提出社会控制转型的若干对策。     

涉民族因素煽动言论刑法规制边界

涉民族因素煽动言论刑法规制边界不清晰的根本原因是自由与安全的冲突。厘清边界的思路是在满足社会治理的急迫需要基础上最大限度保护公民自由。具体路径是以社会治理的急迫需要为方向统领,先通过比例原则的适用进行技术管控,再通过形式要素划定犯罪圈:行为方式必须是思想外化的行为,主观意图必须具备实质恶意,言论内容必须属于不受保护的类型,危害结果必须造成了明显而立即危险或明显而顽固危险,以此达到自由与安全的平衡。     

宗教组织的内涵与外延--宗教组织财产所有权性质研究之一

弄清宗教组织这一概念的内涵和外延,是研究宗教组织的法律地位及其财产权性质之前提.本文从宗教学、社会学和法学等不同视角对宗教组织的内涵与外延作了探讨.通过比较认为财产法意义上的宗教组织只能是指那些实际拥有一定财产和经费的宗教组织.     

Patterns of criminal threat in television news coverage of ethnic minorities in Flanders (2003–2013)

Despite a strong cognitive association in the minds of native citizens between ethnic minority presence and crime, compelling evidence demonstrating a real-world relationship between crime and ethnic diversity is limited. This study adopts a media-based approach to contribute to the debate on the origin of the perception of criminal threats. By means of a content analysis of 11 years of crime news (2003–2013) in Flanders (the northern, Dutch-speaking part of Belgium), portrayals of ethnic minority and majority perpetrators are systematically compared to assess whether ethnic minorities are portrayed in a significantly more threatening way. Moreover, building on ethnic hierarchy theories, comparisons are made between various outgroups. Findings demonstrate that ethnic minority perpetrators are depicted in a more threatening manner: they are more likely to be associated with violent, property, and gang-related crime. Additionally, they are more likely to be anonymised and to be associated with explicit manifestations of threat. Group differences exist, however, as the most distant outgroup (i.e. North Africans) is covered in a more threatening way than the other outgroups. Implications for intergroup relations are discussed.     

鲜卑族与中国封建法制建设

鲜卑族是中国一个古老的民族 ,西晋末年进入中原建立政权后 ,进行了某些法制建设 ,他们创设的法律制度推动了中国封建法制的发展。其中 ,均田律开创了中国封建社会土地法的新内容 ,影响深远 ;格、式上升为独立法典 ,使封建法律形式日渐规范 ,为唐代成熟、完善的封建法律表现形式奠定了基础 ;十二篇目的律典结构使封建律典体例定型 ;“重罪十条”的创设 ,完善了汉代以来的以礼入法 ,为唐朝礼法全面结合奠定了基础 ;确立五刑新刑罚体系 ,奠定了封建五刑基础     

北宋神哲时期对西北蕃部的民族立法

宋神宗、哲宗时期.随着熙宁、绍圣的开边拓土,蕃汉民族交往日益增加.土地关系、民族关系以及新旧归附区社会稳定等诸多新问题接踵而至.为了保障西北边疆政策的顺利贯彻,政府强调运用法律手段加强对西北蕃部的治理,先后制定了一系列针对西北蕃部各族的民族法律法规.它的制定、颁布和实施.对于处理西北边地各族矛盾和纠纷、打击西北缘边各种违法犯罪活动.促进西北蕃部民族稳定和社会发展起了重要作用.     

社会控制体系的重构与壮族和谐社会建设--壮族和谐社会建设研究之一

重构社会控制体系,完善、加强对社会失范行为的社会控制,是建设当代和谐社会的基础性任务。壮族传统法律文化中的先进理念,为社会控制体系的重构提供了有益的借鉴。在构建新的社会控制体系的过程中,应注意充分利用传统法律文化的本土资源以及国家赋予的自治权和立法权,注重从当前壮族社会所面临的现实问题出发,来制定适合壮族实际情况的法律、法规,为当代壮族构建社会主义和谐社会服务。