从碑刻铭文探析南诏大理国文化特征

碑刻铭文是民族古籍及民族文化遗产的重要组成部分,内含丰富的历史文化信息。南诏大理国在我国唐宋时期曾产生过重大影响,其文化呈现出兼容性与和谐性的气质特征。这一特征的形成是南诏大理国文化在本土文化的基础上,与儒家文化和佛教文化相互适应、融合并逐渐产生了独特的释儒文化的结果,是开放多元与兼容并蓄的产物。兼容,即你中有我、我中有你,和谐,即相辅相成、并行不悖。     

从考古文物看大理国时期经济发展状况

随着我国考古事业不断发展,对于大理国时期云南地区的经济发展状态,有了更加详实的推测,并在原有历史史料证据基础上,得到了考古资料的证实.根据历史史料和考古文物发现分析,大理国时期云南地区经济发展较为迅速,相比南诏时期,在农业、商业、手工业等方面,得到了有效的提高和发展.另外,在洱海、滇池等政治、经济中心区域,少数技术可与同期中原地区发展水平相媲美,甚至犹有过之,彰显了古代云南先民的智慧.     

从考古文物看大理国时期经济发展状况

随着我国考古事业不断发展,对于大理国时期云南地区的经济发展状态,有了更加详实的推测,并在原有历史史料证据基础上,得到了考古资料的证实。根据历史史料和考古文物发现分析,大理国时期云南地区经济发展较为迅速,相比南诏时期,在农业、商业、手工业等方面,得到了有效的提高和发展。另外,在洱海、滇池等政治、经济中心区域,少数技术可与同期中原地区发展水平相媲美,甚至犹有过之,彰显了古代云南先民的智慧。     

易学视野下的呈现之十九 大理“海灯会”与白族“甲马”

大理是云南较早的文化发祥地之一。1000多年前的唐宋时期,这里先后建立了南诏国和大理国,并持续五百多年。大理一度成为云南政治、经济、文化的中心。白族文化作为中国文化的重要组成部分,长期与汉族及其他民族共存互动,既有中华文化的共性,又独具特色。“海灯会”与“甲马”,就是由汉族地区传入,至今仍然活跃在大理民间的文化遗珍。本文将从易学的视角,探讨这两种文化现象的哲理内涵,并进而说明二者在原理上的一致性。     

宋代四川少数民族分布研究

在两宋时期,四川地区的少数民族主要有吐蕃、羌、僚、诸蛮、西南夷部等。吐蕃人主要居住在现今的甘孜和阿坝地区,羌人居住在岷江上游,特别是在威州、茂州即今阿坝州的理县、茂县、汶川、松潘、黑水和绵阳市北川等县境内。僚人广泛地分布于巴蜀各地,从川中丘陵到盆周边缘的广大地区都有僚人居住和分布,而尤以川东南的南平军和川南的泸州、叙州最为集中。诸蛮分布在大理国与宋之间的川南、川西南地区,包括＂黎州诸蛮＂、＂叙州三路蛮＂和＂泸州蛮＂等。西南夷部主要居住在川东南的黔州、涪州、夔州沿边至贵州境内一带。总体上,两宋时期四川少数民族人口分布的地理格局特点是：汉族集中分布于四川盆地腹心地带,少数民族主要分布于四川盆地沿边地区。     

从地名比较看壮族与泰族由同源走向异流--壮族文化语言学研究系列论文之二

本文从地理语言学、历史语言学和文化语言学的多向视角,对壮语地名与泰语地名的构词方式、命名规律、遣词取向、文化内涵存在的同一性及变异性,作了深层次的分析研究.认为两者同属"中心词+修饰词"类型的"齐头式"地名体系,形成了独具特色的地域民族性、共时稳定性、历时延续性的地名文化景观.表明壮族和泰族不仅是母语同源,而且他们的祖先作为古老稻作民族的岭南越人族群,曾经在共同或相近的地域里生息交流,历史文化有密切的渊源关系.而其中存在的差异,则是自秦汉至唐宋时期,他们随着历史演进和分化迁徒的过程中,在不同的环境和各自的国度里,吸收不同的外来文化因素而变迁演化的结果.这从一个侧面,反映了壮族和泰族由"同源"走向"异流"的历程.     

关于水族族源和水书形成之我见

根据语言学、民族学和历史学的研究成果,水族是世代居住在我国南方的一个古老民族,起源于南方百越族群的瓯、骆或濮支系,与壮、侗等民族有同源关系;水语属壮侗语族侗水语支.水书是水族先民仿照汉字创制的一种民族文字,而非<水族文化研究>中所说的水族"发祥于睢水"(今河南省滑县一带),系"殷人后裔";水书也并非是先秦时期受甲骨文的影响下创制的.     

历史的透视:回族商业经济与回族社会地位的关系

回族的社会地位始终与经济生活紧密地联系在一起,并通过经济生活的变迁为载体充分展现出来。唐宋时期,以外向型经济为特点的社会生活,决定了回族先民在中国得到生存和发展的机会。元代回回人经济的多元化和特殊重要性,使其社会地位得以空前提高,并促进了回族共同体的逐步形成。到了明清以后,随着回族经济的变迁和衰退,造成回族社会地位的不断下降和民族危机感的日益增长。历史证明,回族商业经济始终伴随着社会发展而不断变迁,并同回族的荣辱成败密切相连。     

土家族:古代濮人的后裔

土家族主要居住于湘西、鄂西以及重庆市的黔江、彭水一带,是自古以来的土著民族。土家族的分布地与古民族濮的分布地基本一致,并不是巧合,而是因为土家族是濮人的后裔。现今的土家族聚居地早在石器时期已有人类活动,并逐步有了穴居的村落。炎黄时期形成了土家濮人部落。夏、商、周时期,濮发展成周边方国,包括了濮、苗等少数民族。由于支系繁多,被称为百濮。公元前523年,楚平王亲率舟师伐濮,濮被楚国所灭。楚国灭濮后,留居原地的濮人,就是后来的土家人。据《湖南通史》载:“居于湘西蛮人、濮人,后来成为秦汉时代五溪蛮和武附蛮的重要组成部分…     

傣族进入封建社会之探讨

一、十三世纪前傣族社会的发展傣族社会历史有确切史料可据者,只能上溯至唐代。当时,在开南(今云南景东及其以南地区)、永昌(今云南保山及其西南地带)及红河流域,分布着一些被称为“黑齿”、“金齿”、“银齿”、“绣脚”、“雕题”、“茫蛮”、“生僚”等的部落。这些主要就是傣族的先民。据《蛮书》及其他有关的记载,当时他们都从事农业生产,已知役使畜力,能纺织及制作金属装饰品,并有纹身饰齿等共同的民族习俗。不过这时阶级分化尚不明显,还没有形成较大的部落政权。十一世纪前后,这些部落已经冲破了血缘     

试论唐、宋时期伊斯兰教在东南地区的传播和发展

唐、宋时期是中国封建社会商品经济高度发展,政治、经济、文化各个领域高度发达的时期。处于同一时段的阿拉伯半岛也因为伊斯兰教的兴起而告别"蒙昧",走入文明时代。当时共处世界东方的唐宋王朝与阿拉伯王朝随着东西交通的开放,两国间政治、经济、文化、军事等领域交往频繁,伊斯兰教也随着阿拉伯、波斯商人的入华而传入中国。本文从原始史料入手,意在厘清唐、宋时期伊斯兰教传入中国东南部分地区的具体过程,并尝试分析其中的原因,发现其中的规律。     

中华民族共同体意识产生、发展和完善的基本逻辑——从媒体话语叙事到文化价值认同的新透视

中华民族理论探索和构建的过程始终立足于近现代中国的现实发展。本研究通过对意识观念萌生、文化历史溯源和社会现实观照三个方面的历时性梳理,试图厘清中华民族共同体意识产生、发展和完善的基本逻辑。党的十八大以来,在党和国家关于民族工作的认识和新时代民族思想指导下,"中华民族共同体意识"作为中华民族"多元一体"的内在凝聚成为党和国家在新时代民族工作的重要思想基础。在中华民族的现代性发展过程中,不同媒体的话语叙事在铸牢中华民族共同体意识中有独特的内在传播逻辑。机构媒体兼具权威性和拟人性双重风格,在传播叙事中强化国家整体性。平台媒体的技术赋能,也强化了议题的交流讨论和用户的具身体验。内容生产者利用自媒体进行个人叙事,更多主体参与到中华文化的主动阐释和书写叙事,传递民族独特性。中华文明是在互相学习、吸收、融合的过程中发展起来的,各民族文化和而不同,各有特色,各民族在遵从各自的民族认同的同时,又始终秉持共同的价值认同。在新的历史发展阶段,中华民族共同体意识在不同的媒体话语叙事中得以发展、强化,技术的发展进步为不同民族和地区的人们进行民族话语表达和民族文化传播提供了便利的表演和展示平台。     

中国古代和亲与各民族经济的相互依存

各民族经济相互依存是中华民族共同体形成和发展的重要因素,具有各民族经济互补、经济互动与共同繁荣等意涵。和亲是民族交往交流交融的重要形式,极大地促进了各民族经济的相互依存。各民族经济互补是和亲的内在动力,双方都希望通过和亲建立稳定的经济联系,满足经济需求。历代和亲活动加强了朝贡与互市贸易,推动了不同民族的物品流通和人员流动,形成了经济交流网络,畅通了丝绸之路,促进了各民族的经济互动。历代和亲有助于各民族经济社会稳定发展,有助于各区域共同发展,有助于中华民族物质财富的总体提升。各民族以和亲促发展的历程,为多民族中国地区间、民族间的相互协作提供了历史经验,为各民族形成紧密相连的利益共同体贡献了智慧,对铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有重要意义。     

韦皋与唐代南方丝绸之路的重开

Weigao was one of the famous Jie-dushi ( regional military commissioners ) of the Jiannan Xichuan ( located in today’s southern Si-chuan) in the Tang Dynasty. During the rule of Wei Gao, he successfully defeated the Tubo, and changed the Tang court’s submissiveness in the southwestern region and the fight between the Tang and Tubo along the southern line. He also restored the links between Yunnan and Xichuan including all the way to the Central Plains, and, as a result, the once closed Southern Silk Road was reopened. A further exploration and evaluation of Wei Gao’s actions and his influence on reopening the Southern Silk Road ought to be given. I. Wei Gao’s Alliance with the Nanzhao King-dom and Reopening the Southern Silk Road In 785 A. D. , Wei Gao arrived in Chengdu and was appointed Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan. The situation of Jiannan Xichuan at that time was very critical. After the Tianbao war, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, which had unified the area around Er-hai Lake with the support of the Tang in the past, turned against the Tang and publicly announced its alliance with the Tubo. The Nanzhao Kingdom, to-gether with the Tubo, struck the Tang in the south-western region. This shift not only put the Tang in a submissive position in the southwestern region, but also significantly influenced the relations be-tween the Tang and the Tubo. As the Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao became a unique practitioner and actively promoted a joint strategy in Yunnan. After the Tang decided to make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom, relevant actions were taken immediately. However because relations between the Nanzhao Kingdom and the Tang had been broken for many years, at the beginning, Wei Gao could only communicate through some of the tribal chiefs of the Dongman ( Eastern Barbarians) . Through several years of ef-fort and mutual contact, Wei Gao’s endeavors to make an alliance with the Nanzhao, at last, were effective. Wei Gao’s efforts to make an alliance with the Nanzhao certainly involved issues related to trans-portation between Xichuan and the area of Erhai Lake. During that period, the route between Xi-chuan and Nanzhao was not only under military threat from the Tubo, but it was also overseen by the tribes of the Dongman who supported the Tu-bo—this indicated that the line of communication was not in a normal situation. The Southern Silk Road was one of ancient China’s important land trade routes to overseas. In looking at relevant re-cords in the Shiji ( Records of the Historian ) , we can see that this route had been known by people in the Central Plains from at least the Qin and Han dynasties. It was called the“Shushen Dudao” dur-ing the Han dynasty, and the “Xi’er Tianzhu zhid-ao” in the Taizhong period of the Tang dynasty.“Xi’er” refers to Erhai Lake, which was called“Xi’er He” during that time; “Tianzhu”, i. e.“Shendu”, refers to present day India. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there were two primary routes between Xichuan and the area of Lake Er-hai. One was the Shimendao, also called the Wuchidao or Rongzhoudao, which started from present Chengdu and went through present day Le-shan and Yibin. The other was the Qing Xidao, also called the Lingguandao, Songzhoudao or Qiongnan Yilu,which, started from present Cheng-du, and went through present day Ya’an, and Xichang. These two routes were also called the“North Route” and the“South Route” in the Yun-nan Zhi ( The History of Yunnan) compiled by Fan Cuo in the Tang Dynasty. These two were the main routes between Sichuan and Yunnan on the South-ern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty. In 794 A. D. , the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom swore an oath of alliance, and Wei Gao started his plans to reo-pen the routes. By making a comprehensive analy-sis of relevant historical records, we are certain that starting with a plan in the 8th century, and fol-lowing the realization of the alliance between the Tang and Nanzhao as part of the strategy for the Southwestern area, and, together with the success in the fight against the Tubo, the two main chan-nels between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road were reopened as a result of the concern of Wei Gao at the beginning of the 9th century. II. The Basic Situation of the Route between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty and Its Historical Significance It was a long way from Xichuan to the area of Lake Erhai, and, moreover, the situation was also very complicated. Whenever the North Route or the South Route opened, it was not something that was completed immediately; it was a process. Al-though some sections of the road might be comple-ted initially, the opening of the entire route could not be completed within a short time. Through the records of Fan Cuo in his Yunnan Zhi, we can glean a general understanding of the basic situation regarding the reopening of the two main routes be-tween Sichuan and Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. Seen from the records of Fan Cuo, there were courier stations along the South Route, so that travelers and their horses could have services and accommodation. It is very significant to note that in addition to the records of courier stations along the route managed by the Xichuan administration, the Yunnan Zhi also recorded that special translators were arranged for facilitating the contact and ex-change between the two sides, i. e. Xichuan and Nanzhao, after the route reached Ezhunling. This detail reflected Xichuan’s attention to the manage-ment of this route, but it also reflected the frequent contact between the people from the two sides of this route and the need for better communication. The road which started from Ezhunling was man-aged by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The situation of the North Route was quite different from the South Route. Based upon an analysis of the records found in the Yunnan Zhi, along the north route, there were not only high mountain, steep slopes, and winding roads, but the traveler also had to pass through many areas inhabited by the Wuman (Black Babarians). So, people were able to pass through the stations only after their words had been translated three or four times. Generally speaking, the conditions along the North Route were worse than those along the South Route. Therefore, al-though the reopening of the South Route was later than the North Route, people usually chose to pass through the South Route after it was reopened. It should be mentioned here that although Fan Cuo’s Yunnan Zhi was compiled during the early years of Xiantong Period in the Tang dynasty, the situation along the route and courier stations recorded in the book were probably not much different from those along the route during the time of Wei Gao. Al-though more than half a century of time had passed the road and courier stations along the South and North Routes might have only had some minor changes, and it was probably generally the same as in the past. Moreover it was unblocked for a long term due to the concern of the both sides. Another point that should be noted here is that although both the South and North Routes connecting Si-chuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty were managed by the administra-tions of Xichuan and Nanzhao separately, seen from the close relations and common demands of the two sides, the construction and management of these two important routes were combined through the negotiation of the two sides’ considerations and demands. As the major supporter for making the alliance with Nanzhao, Wei Gao should be the one who played an active role in this process. Because of the alliance between the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom the Tubo suffered a setback in the southwestern region, and they gradually re-treated to the north. Under this scenario, the channels of communication between Sichuan and Yunnan were unblocked, and communication be-tween the envoys from the Tang and Nanzhao be-came more frequent, the local trade developed, and the number of businessmen traversing Sichuan and Yunnan increased. Seen from the perspective of the development of Nanzhao, the frequent ex-changes between the artisans and traders from the two sides via the South and North Routes that ran between Sichuan and Yunnan promoted the eco-nomic and commercial development of Yunnan. In addition, there were many ethnic groups in the Nanzhao Kingdom. These included the Wuman, and Baiman ( white barbarians) . For several dec-ades,“more than a thousand” people from differ-ent ethnic groups went to Chengdu to study. This reflected that the reopening of the Southern Silk Road during the Tang dynasty played an important role in cultural transmission. On the other hand, training youth from the different ethnic groups liv-ing in the Nanzhao Kingdom also had a deep influ-ence on the cultural development of Yunnan. More important is that this action enhanced the commu-nication between the ethnic groups of Yunnan and the Central Plains. In addition, after reopening the road between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Route, the road continued through Nanzhao territory, crossed into the Myanmar-India route, and arrived in South and Southeast Asia. It could be said that Wei Gao’s reopening of the Southern Silk Road was not only helpful for communication between the people of Xichuan, the Central Plains and Yunnan, but it was also helpful for communi-cation between the Tang and the countries of South and Southeast Asia. It should be mentioned that Wei Gao’s reope-ning of the Southern Silk Road was conducted with-in the framework of an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom to attack the Tubo. Hence, speaking truthfully, reopening the road was not the main re-sponsibility of the Jiedushi of Xichuan, and was al-so not his main strategic goal. Under the serious situation faced by Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao’s main focus during that time was how to contact and make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom so as to take military action against the Tubo. Even if he planned to reopen this road and took some action, it was conducted by targeting his military strategic action. However, reopening the Southern Silk Road could not be separated from the action of making an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom. Moreover, after reopening this road, it really pro-moted economic -cultural exchange and develop-ment along the road. Hence, we should give a full understanding and evaluation on Wei Gao’s histori-cal role in it.     

宋辽西夏金民族互动过程述论

中国民族团结的发展在经历了隋唐的第二次大整合之后,在宋辽西夏金元时又进入第二次大冲突时期。     

铸牢中华民族共同体意识：理论逻辑、现实基础和实践路径

科学研判我国民族关系发展的客观现状,将铸牢中华民族共同体意识作为民族工作的主线,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央为我国民族关系长远发展所制定的战略规划。铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有凝心聚力之效,意蕴是丰富而多维的:其理论逻辑在于,对历史的继承和发展是历史意蕴,"五个认同"是核心内容,服务"两个大局"以实现中华民族的伟大复兴是价值导向;其现实基础在于,中华民族从"站起来""富起来"到"强起来"提供了物质基础,从"自在""自觉"到"自强"是其精神基础,中国特色社会主义民主政治提供了政治保障,多元一体的中华民族结构是其社会基础;最后,坚持和完善民族区域自治制度、建立共享繁荣发展的经济体、构筑各民族共有精神家园,加强各民族交往交流交融,是其实践路径。     

中华民族共同体意识的概念构成、内涵特质及铸牢举措

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是促进民族团结进步、为社会稳定发展凝心聚力的重要举措,很有必要对中华民族共同体意识的概念构成与内涵特质进行深入剖析,进行采取相应的铸牢举措。在概念构成方面,中华民族共同体意识由"中华民族"、"意识"和"共同体"三个名词组合而成,对中华民族共同体意识的概念认识应当从这三个名词的概念上进行综合性把握。在内涵特质方面,"共同性"是中华民族共同体意识的根本属性,以对家园共同体、利益共同体、发展共同体、价值共同体所形成的看法为指向。在工作举措方面,要重点做好三方面工作:面向目标任务、抓住主线、深入研究和解决铸牢中华民族共同体意识的方法论问题。     

共生理论视阈下中华民族共同体建构的五维向度

中华民族共同体建构的基本逻辑是一个从"求同存异"到"聚同化异"的过程,旨在构建一个多民族休戚与共、血脉相连的共生关系与共生状态。中华民族共同体的有效建构必须赋予"共生"的理念,以责任、族际、文化、利益、命运为共生单元的建构逻辑,进而推动中华民族政治共同体、文化共同体、价值共同体、利益共同体、命运共同体的全面建构。     

清代满族文学与"京腔京韵"

清代满族人的汉语北京方言表达能力升至高水准,满族作家在文学创作中运用的"京腔"艺术性语言,也跟进于本民族的语言拓展,标示出高水准。清初满族刚刚登上汉语文坛不久,他们的诗人即一反中原文学引经据典、高深莫测之传统,蹊径独辟,是以天然、浑朴、俗畅、晓白著称;在中国文学的发展中,最能代表满人文学成就者,非满族小说莫属,其一以贯之的长处,也首推语言,曹雪芹《红楼梦》、文康《儿女英雄传》,以及清末大量涌现的满人京语白话小说,还有子弟书、八角鼓等俗文艺,无不引领中国近代早期白话创作风骚,开启现代"京味儿"文学先河之功用价值。