The index of overall headship: A simple measure of household complexity standardized for age and sex

This paper develops and tests an age-sex standardized measure of household complexity, defined broadly as the tendency of adults (other than spouses) to head their own households or to share households. The aim is a measure of household complexity which can be computed with a minimum of demographic data, namely, data on number of households and on the population by age and sex. The procedure is similar to that of Coale for fertility measurement (Coale, 1969); it is a form of indirect standardization in which the actual number of households is related to the number that would exist if maximum age-sex-specific household headship rates were to apply. Various forms of this indirectly standardized measure show a correlation of better than 0.9 with directly standardized measures for a sample of 33 nations for which requisite data are available. The new measure promises to extend considerably the geographical and temporal range of comparable empirical measures of household complexity.     

呆一会儿。”弗兰姆顿·纳托绞尽

较吕锊唤骋?像这样正式拜访一连串毫不相识的人,究竟对他应该接受的放松神经的治疗能否有所帮助。The Open WindowSaki0新东方英语(大学版)New Oriental English82-85H319.4F08517F;F085_17Saki;80-83理查德·布兰森:如此人生博仰;薛竹;世界上恐怕很难找出第二家像英国维珍集团(Virgin Group)这样的大型商义系。与现有文凭指标相比,这类可比化、标准化的总和指标在测量人力资本方面具有显著的优越性。     

Mortality in Poland in the period 1950-1990

"In this paper, crude, specific [mortality] rates as well as nonstandardized and standardized indices of regional mortality differentials are analysed [for Poland] for the period 1950-1990, in order to show mortality differentiation, its increase by age, sex, and place of residence. Taking into account cause specific death rates, the pattern of causes of deaths was found to be similar to that existing in the western countries, although the level of standardized mortality is higher in Poland. Values of calculated indices of regional mortality differentials point to significant differences in mortality by voivodship."     

About the methods of measuring "the only-child rate."]

The author discusses alternative methods used to measure the only-child rate in China. It is concluded that a standardized method needs to be adopted, particularly since many organizations are unclear about how to calculate this rate.     

The Construct Validity of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB) and their Relationship to Measures of Subjective Well-Being

The factor structure of Ryff's Scales ofPsychological Well-Being (SPWB) and theirrelationship to standardized measures ofsubjective well-being (SWB) were investigated.Two hundred seventy-seven participants rangingin age from 18 to 48 years were administeredthe Memorial University of Newfoundland Scaleof Happiness (MUNSH), the Satisfaction WithLife Scale (SWLS), and the SPWB. Results failedto support either the hypothesis thatperforming factor analytic procedures on theitems of the SPWB should produce a six-factorsolution, with scale-specific items loadingmost highly on their respective factors or thehypothesis that subjecting the sub-scales ofthe SPWB to factor analytic procedures alongwith standardized measures of SWB would produceone higher-order well-being factor. Instead,item loadings clustered around three majorfactors that could not be identified with thesix scales proposed by Ryff. Moreover, thefactor analysis of SPWB and SWB scale totalsproduced three, instead of one, higher-orderfactors. Implications of findings are discussedwith respect to the relationship of the PWBconstruct to the SWB construct.     

Reduced Variation in Death Rates after Introduction of Antimicrobial Agents

There was a sharp, persistent drop in annual variation in life expectancy at birth in the United States between 1940 and 1950. To evaluate the possible relationship of this drop to the introduction of antimicrobial agents, we examined standardized death rates (SDR) and life expectancy (LE) in the United States and in England and Wales, both of which participated in the discovery and development of antimicrobials, especially penicillin, during this period. Annual variation in life expectancy and directly standardized death rates are measured as residuals from moving means. There were sharp drops in residual variation for males and females starting as early as 1944 in the United States and 1951 in England and Wales that persist to the present. The standard deviations of residuals dropped by 59–81% from before 1940 to after 1950 depending on sex, country, and SDR or LE. The timing and persistence of reduced annual variation indicates that antimicrobials contributed substantially to the change.     

The function and significance of coding in the population census]

The importance and practicality of a nationally standardized census code for China's population are outlined in this paper. Due to the diversity and size of China's population, the tremendous cost of conducting a national census depends to a large extent on the development of an efficient, simple, comprehensive, and easily completed census form. Codifying information is regarded as a means for greatly simplifying computerized data processing of census forms, although past problems with misinterpretation of instructions by census takers in various parts of the country have caused massive backlogs, errors, and duplication of effort. A key problem discussed is the matter of converting Chinese characters (from census forms) into a computerized format for data processing. It is proposed that a nationally standardized code for reducing economic and technical information be established in order to streamline both national and local surveys.     

Standardization of cumulative failure rates

A method is proposed for standardizing life table cumulative failure rates for various cohorts so that they are adjusted to the distribution of exposure by age group for a particular cohort. An approximate standard error for the standardized cumulative failure rate is presented. Application of the methodology is illustrated by a numerical example.     

Tobacco-related cancers in Poland in 1963-1989

"In this paper we are presenting an epidemiological analysis of tobacco-related cancer risk in Poland in 1963-1989 and, in addition, etiological characteristics of the cancers." Data are from official sources. The results indicate that "standardized mortality rates had significantly increased for all tobacco-related cancer sites in 1963-1989."     

On Measuring Segregation in a Multigroup Context: Standardized Versus Unstandardized Indices

Social Indicators Research - There has been little discussion about the consequences of using standardized, rather than unstandardized, segregation measures when comparing societies with different...     

Age and parity influences on maternal mortality: United States, 1919–1969

Comparisons of crude and standardized rates of maternal mortality show that changes in age and parity distributions of births had some influence on maternal mortality trends for the years 1919-1969 in the United States. Changes in the age and parity distributions of births for cohorts of U.S. women also influenced crude cohort maternal mortality rates to some extent.     

The geometric mean of the age-specific death rates as a summary index of mortality

Even though a single summary index of mortality can never replace the set of age-specific death rates, it has been found to be extremely useful for a wide variety of purposes. Such indexes are generally one of two types: aggregative indexes, such as directly standardized rates which reflect absolute differences between corresponding age-specific mortality rates; and average of relatives indexes which reflect proportional differences between those rates. The choice of index depends upon the purposes for which it is to be used, and is important as different indexes can produce very different results. While directly standardized rates are widely used, they depend upon the selection of an appropriate standard population and give disproportionately heavy weight to the high ages. Average of relatives indexes give equal weight to all ages, but are infrequently used as no index of that type has gained wide acceptability. This paper recommends the use of the geometric mean of the age-specific mortality rates as such an index, and shows that this index is readily calculable, unbiased, needs no standard population, is directly comparable to all other indexes so calculated, and accurately reflects exponential mortality patterns.     

留守儿童研究综述

为了进一步加深对留守儿童问题的认识,对2006年以前国内关于留守儿童的文献进行了全面深入的研究。研究发现,尽管对留守儿童问题的多学科研究目前已经取得了一定的成果,研究的方法也在逐渐规范化。但留守儿童问题的研究缺乏系统性、整体性,研究中的结论存在一些矛盾,需要进一步研究的问题还很多。要明确留守儿童的概念及其内涵和外延,准确把握全国留守儿童总体状况,制定留守儿童问题研究的指标体系,以便准确地掌握情况、了解问题,为制定对策提供必要的依据。     

Measuring Health Inequality in US: A Composite Index Approach

Social Indicators Research - In this paper, we use the standardized mortality rates for 21 mutual exclusive causes of death to propose a composite index of US county-level health performances in...     

About standardization of several indexes of population statistics]

The author discusses how standardized fertility and mortality rates are calculated and how the age structure must be taken into account when comparing different areas and different time periods.     

A decomposition of immigrant divorce rates in Australia

Crude divorce rates of overseas-born Australians by birthplace are not comparable because different birthplace groups have different age structures and marriage patterns that affect the rates. This paper decomposes the crude rates into components due to the effects of age structrue, marriage patterns and the divorce rate of married men and women. This allows for a better comparison of the level of divorce by birthplace. The range in the standardized divorce rates by birthplace is smaller than that indicated by the crude rates. Nonetheless, there remains considerable variation in immigrant divorce rates in Australia.     

阜新市经济转型期社会保障体系建设与政府管理创新研究

阜新市经济转型需要政府完善社会保障体系,依据成本—收益分析原则,进行管理创新。这主要体现为最低生活保障制度的科学设计,包括最低保障标准的合理界定、受保人群的筛选和待遇支付方式的选择。社会保障管理创新,可以降低社会保障成本,达到多方共赢,为阜新经济成功转型创造和谐的社会局面。     

Migration background and educational tracking

Research on immigrants’ educational disadvantages documents substantial immigrant–native achievement gaps in standardized student assessments. Exploiting data from the German PIRLS extension, we find that second-generation immigrants also receive worse grades and teacher recommendations for secondary school tracks than natives, which cannot be explained by differences in student achievement tests and general intelligence. Second-generation immigrants’ less favorable socioeconomic background largely accounts for this additional disadvantage, suggesting that immigrants are disproportionately affected by prevailing social inequalities at the transition to secondary school. We additionally show that differences in track attendance account for a substantial part of the immigrant–native wage gap in Germany.     

Mortality by sex,age, and cause of death,in European and highly developed extra-European countries in the years 1960-1984

"A comparative analysis of mortality, in which standardized death rates...were used, was conducted for 24 European and 5...[other] developed countries. The analysis shows that in spite of medical progress in fighting high mortality stemming from primary sources (diseases of [the] circulatory system and malignant neoplasms), its very high level is still registered in many Middle and Eastern European countries (especially in Hungary, in former Czechoslovakia and Poland). A high increase of premature mortality of men aged 45-64 is also observed."     

合理配置老人卫生服务资源的研究

从卫生、民政部门管理和提供的为老人服务资源的配置状况、老年人选择服务的因素对医疗保险基金的影响 ,分析了上海已形成多种形式为老人医疗、护理、生活照顾的服务设施和服务人群 ,但缺乏明确的入住服务设施的评估标准 ,不知哪类老年人需要接受哪种医疗或护理服务或生活照顾 ;老人健康服务的各种资源的合理配置尚有问题 ;此外还界定了老人医疗、护理、生活照顾的功能并提出新的见解 ,使其最大程度地解决老年人的医疗保障问题