Coverage of the population in Census 2000: Results from Demographic Analysis

Since the 1960 Census, Demographic Analysis (DA) has been used by the Census Bureau to evaluate the coverage of the population. Administrative statistics on births, deaths, immigration and Medicare enrollments as well as estimates of legal emigration and net undocumented immigration are used to produce demographic analysis estimates of the population for the census date. These estimates are compared to the Census 2000 data to evaluate coverage in the census. The results are also compared to measures of undercount obtained from dual system estimation. The DA measures substantial reduction in net undercount in Census 2000 compared to 1990. The reductions occur among all demographic categories: all broad age groups, males and females, Blacks and Non-Blacks.     

Housing Conditions of Nuclear and Extended Households in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale Area

Arrivals of new immigrants into the south Florida area have put increased pressure on housing markets and fostered renewed efforts to provide more affordable housing. Many view household extension largely as a response to the lack of a sufficient amount of affordable housing. This paper examines the nature, proportion and housing condition of nuclear and extended households in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area. The study also investigates how the incidence and housing situation of extended households has changed during the period from 1986 to 1990. This study illustrates that extended families in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area are not uniformly worse off than nuclear families, given ethnicity and income level. While the area's housing problems require attention, some of that attention should be focused on removing institutional barriers to household extension and to providing broader housing choices for minority ethnic groups.     

Economic Swings and Demographic Changes in the History of Latin America

In this paper we study the effects of short-term fluctuations in indicators of economic well-being on selected demographic response such as births, marriages and deaths at age intervals in eleven Latin American countries between 1910 and 1990. We use conventional distributed lag models to assess the magnitude and direction of effects and test a variety of hypotheses some of which have been posed to hold in Western Europe and others that are more specific and tailored to the Latin American context. We also compare the magnitude and direction of effects obtained among these countries with those obtained for pre-industrial Europe and uncover the existence of broadly similar patterns.     

农户家庭人口特征与健康投资——基于四川阆中的农户调查分析

利用大样本农户调查数据,分析不同家庭人口特征下农户的健康投资水平。结果发现：家庭性别比例对农户健康投资水平的影响不具有显著性：而家庭人口规模、家庭代际分布和家庭人口负担时农户健康投资水平都具有显著影响;户整体健康投资水平随着人口规模的扩大不断提高。但户人均健康投资水平却呈现相反的趋势：户健康投资水平随着农户家庭代际数的增加而提高;轻负担家庭农卢的健康投资水平最高,纯劳动力家庭农户健康投资水平最低。文章最后提出了有关政策建议。     

中国农村人口结构与居民消费研究

本文运用生命周期模型、家庭储蓄需求模型和家庭生育决策理论等分析了人口结构变化对居民消费的影响渠道,并利用2001～2009年中国农村省际面板数据对人口年龄结构、性别结构与居民消费的关系进行了经验分析。研究表明,农村少儿抚养比与农村居民消费率显著负相关,农村老年抚养比与农村居民消费率显著正相关,而农村人口性别比系数的稳健性较差。     

1974—1985年间中国人口理论发展的逻辑与历史

20世纪70年代初,中国的计划生育工作常常遇到一些不可回避而又迫切需要作出解释的理论问题,中国的人口学研究也由此蓬勃兴起。中国人口学界从研究社会主义基本人口规律入手,由点到面,由浅入深,由特殊到一般,经10余年努力,到1985年,人口规律的知识体系初步形成,马克思主义的两种生产理论也得以丰富和发展。     

Food Access and Shocks in Rural Households: Evidence from Bangladesh and Ethiopia

As remarked by Ravallion (J Dev Econ 99:201–209, 2012), the recent switch from arithmetic to geometric mean in the aggregation of the United Nations’ Human Development Index has caused a more severe inequality penalization of the index for less developed countries, with outlying consequences. We clarify and explain this fact and propose an aggregation function, the Trichotomy Mean, that depends on two parameters: one regulates the overall penalization of disequilibria (among or within dimensions) in analogy with Atkinson’s inequality aversion parameter for power means; the other modulates the Level Dependence of the Adjustment, a novel concept describing the behavior—decreasing, increasing, or constant—of penalization of given disequilibria for increasing index level. Unlike the geometric mean (which, incidentally, has decreasing LDA type), the TM remains valid for zero or negative—and does not distort for small positive—values of the input variables, thus permitting less restrictive raw-variable normalizations and to overcome the need for exogenous lower bounds. We compare the three versions of TM with the geometric mean in an empirical analysis on the HDI 2014 data. We finally illustrate the contributions of the TM to the development literature debate.     

Long-term Mortality Patterns in Chinese History: Evidence from a Recorded Clan Population

This paper addresses the emerging interest in the relationship between homeostatic models and demographic transition theory. Firstly, it considers the nature of fertility measurement and concepts. The paper then goes on to examine evidence from pre-transitional societies in which demographic regimes have been most thoroughly studied, summarizing what is known about their character. The nature and current status of homeostatic theories in demography and the institutional supports of pre-transitional regimes are considered. The implications of the findings on pre-transitional populations for transition theory are then discussed. The paper concludes with suggestions for ways in which studies of transition within a framework of homeostatic regimes could be developed.     

孩子成本效用的拓展分析及其对中国人口转变的解释

在西方微观人口经济理论的基础上 ,将孩子的成本效用分析拓展到家庭以外 ,分析孩子在家庭内的成本效用及社会总成本效用的对比关系 ,揭示家庭意愿生育水平与社会期望生育水平存在差距的根本原因在于孩子内外部成本效用的不对称。认为生育政策加速中国人口转变的作用机制在于政策的执行改变了家庭内孩子成本效用的对比关系 ,从而有效地影响了家庭生育决策     

人口年龄结构变化影响城乡居民消费率的效应差异研究——来自中国省级面板数据的证据

文章通过扩展世代交叠模型,考察了人口年龄结构变化对一国居民消费率的影响.基于2000～2013年中国省级面板数据,系统广义矩估计和门槛回归结果表明:在城镇地区,少儿抚养比和老年抚养比对消费率均产生正向影响,且该正向影响都随收入增长率的提高而减弱;而在农村地区,少儿抚养比和老年抚养比对消费率均产生负效应,少儿抚养比的负效应随收入增长率的提高而增强,老年抚养比的负效应却呈现“倒U型”特征.研究结论表明:生命周期消费理论在中国只适用于城镇地区,并不适用于农村地区,人口年龄结构变化影响城乡居民消费率的效应差异十分显著.城镇地区少儿抚养比的大幅下降和农村地区老年抚养比的持续上升是中国居民消费率长期走低的重要原因.     

Interior Immigration Enforcement and Political Participation of U.S. Citizens in Mixed-Status Households

The 2000s have witnessed an expansion of interior immigration enforcement in the United States. At the same time, the country has experienced a major demographic transformation, with the number of U.S. citizens living in mixed-status households—that is, households where at least one family member is an unauthorized migrant—reaching 16 million. U.S. citizens living in mixed-status households are personally connected to the struggles experienced by their unauthorized family members. For them, immigration policy is likely to shape their current and future voting behavior. Using data from the 2002–2014 Current Population Survey Voting and Registration Supplements, we examine whether intensified immigration enforcement has affected the political engagement of U.S. citizens living in mixed-status households. We find that immigration enforcement has chilled their electoral participation by lowering their propensity to register by 5 %; however, it has not visibly affected their voting propensity among those registered. Importantly, their lower voting registration likelihood does not seem to reflect indifference for community and public matters, given that it has been accompanied by greater involvement in civic forms of political participation, such as volunteering. Understanding how immigration policy affects the political participation of a fast-growing segment of the electorate is imperative because they will inevitably constitute a rapidly rising political force in future elections.     

我国老龄化进程中的第二人口红利:理论与实证

当前相关研究对第二人口红利的界定并不一致,本文通过对开创性文献及其具体机制的分析发现第二人口红利的本质是居民面临养老风险而提高的储蓄率及其所形成的资本积累效应.利用可支配收入和生活消费支出计算我国的居民储蓄率,在控制了经济发展水平等因素和剔除第一人口红利效应之后,计量分析发现我国人口老龄化过程中存在着显著的第二人口红利.在我国社会养老体制不断变革的背景条件下,人口寿命延长是形成第二人口红利的主要因素,老人抚养比的增大并没有对居民储蓄率造成显著影响.     

Comparing the U.S. Decennial Census Coverage Estimates for Children from Demographic Analysis and Coverage Measurement Surveys

Following every U.S. decennial census since 1960, the U.S. Census Bureau has evaluated the completeness of coverage using two different methods. Demographic analysis (DA) compares the census counts to a set of independent population estimates to infer coverage differences by age, sex, and race. The survey-based approach (also called dual system estimation or DSE) provides coverage estimates based on matching data from a post-enumeration survey to census records. This paper reviews the fundamentals of the two methodological approaches and then initially examines the results of these two methods for the 2010 decennial census in terms of consistency and inconsistency for age groups. The authors find that the two methods produce relatively consistent results for all age groups, except for young children. Consequently, the paper focuses on the results for children. Results of the 1990, 2000, and 2010 decennial censuses are shown for the overall population in this age group and by demographic detail (age, race, and Hispanic origin). Among children, the DA and DSE results are most inconsistent for the population aged 0–4 and most consistent for ages 10–17. Results also show that DA and DSE are more consistent for Black than non-Black populations. The authors discuss possible explanations for the differences in the two methods for young children and conclude that the DSE approach may underestimate the net undercount of young children due to correlation bias.     

照料史、隔代照料对我国中老年人健康的影响——基于Harmonized CHARLS的研究

现代社会家庭规模以小型化和核心化为主,但不论农村还是城市,孩子的生养教化等功能仍由家庭承担,很多祖辈依然承担着照料孙辈的任务,隔代照料在现代社会仍发挥重要作用。隔代照料对照料者的健康会产生一定的影响,这种影响因"居住安排"而异,同时照料状态的转变,即照料角色的获取或退出、持续或中断等不同"照料史"的变化对照料者的健康也有影响。本文采用南加州大学经济与社会研究中心提供的Harmonized CHARLS 2013-2015年追踪数据,选取45-80岁的中老年人为研究对象,以虚弱指数表征健康结果,运用滞后变量回归模型,从"居住安排"和"照料史"两个维度研究隔代照料行为对照料者健康的影响。研究发现:与子女同住且提供隔代照料对老年人的健康有改善作用;照料史的动态变化影响照料者健康,新进入照料角色对照料者的健康有改善作用;在照料孙辈的同时,祖辈出于利他主义动机为成年子女提供经济支持能显著改善其健康状况;男性在提供隔代照料过程中更容易经历健康的亏损,尤其是单身的男性照料者;以上结论仅适用于70岁以下的照料者,对于70岁及以上的老年群体,长期提供隔代照料会加重健康负担。     

中国省级人口转变的时空演变进程——基于聚类分析的实证研究

综合运用建国60年以来的人口自然变动以及生育和死亡转变的数据,从实证研究的角度通过聚类分析刻画我国省级人口转变在时间和空间上的演变进程。时间序列聚类的结果表明,各省的生育率、死亡率和人口自然变动的转变过程具有不同步性,转变模式各具特色;而多时点连续聚类的结果充分体现了我国省级人口转变在空间上的扩散过程和在时间上的推移过程,以及省级人口转变趋同的速度不断加快的特点。此外,对省级人口转变和社会经济发展进程一致性的比较,反映出两者既有一致性也有非一致性,社会经济发展对省级人口转变时空演变进程有一定的影响,但非决定性影响。     

Comments on ``Coverage of the Population in Census 2000: Results from Demographic Analysis' and ``Demographic comparison between self-response and personal visit interview in Census 2000', Population Research and Policy Review,Special Issue: Census 2000

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Fertility Behaviour and Wealth Situation in Nigeria: Evidence from 2013 Demographic and Health Survey

With the growing interest in evaluation of quality of life, emerging number of methods are presented. Each contribution varies depending on the matter of interest, and all of them address the issue of subjective weighting factors. The objective of this paper is to explore possibilities to enhance Better Life ranking methodology, available from the Better Life initiative website, using I-distance method. The result was twofold: firstly, we pointed out potential shortcomings of subjectively chosen weights of Better Life ranking methodology by employing our I-distance approach. Secondly, we provided detailed information on how each Better Life indicator contributes to the final position and emphasize the essential indicators in the process of ranking. We have collected the latest available data for 2014, including all 24 indicators of the Better Life composite index. After that we have compared the two ways of rankings, i.e. the I-distance ranking and the Better Life ranking, emphasizing the improvement offered by the I-distance methodology. Further, through iterative exclusion of indicators based on the level of their significance, we have reached the highest quality of the model. That model includes the following six indicators: personal earnings, water quality, life satisfaction, household net adjusted disposable income, employment rate, rooms per person. Hereby, we have compared and presented ranking changes at each iteration for the top 10 countries, which offer a level of consistency in their rank. In addition, one of the objectives is to help policymakers focus on the key indicators in order to improve the ranking of the country, showing governments and administrations which indicators are the most important to invest into. Moreover, our approach could be the foundation for impartial framework of the quality of life’s assessment, independent of subjectively formed weighting factors.