Family allowances statistics in Great Britain

The Family Allowances Scheme In Great Britain covers all families with more than one child and Is the only current source of statistics giving the dates of birth of each child in the family. The main deficiencies of these statistics from the point of view of demographic analysis are the exclusion from the family of children who have left school or apprenticeship or who are over age 18, and the absence of any particulars about the parents, e.g. the mother's age or date of marriage. Comparison of the dates available, however, with the total numbers of children In the population throws some light on recent changes In family composition in Great Britain.     

Eleanor Rathbone on the Remuneration of Women's Services

Humans are dependent on others for their livelihood for many years before they become economically productive and self-supporting. In modern industrial societies productivity and the capacity to be self-supporting also require costly investments in human capital. What is the proper division of responsibilities between parents and other members of society for rearing children and thus, collectively, reproducing the population? And how equitable is the sharing between husband and wife of the burdens that fall on the immediate family? To what extent should social responsibilities for childrearing be formalized in explicit institutional arrangements? While certainly long-standing, these questions acquired a special urgency in industrial countries beginning with the second decade of the twentieth century as a result of the convulsive experience of the world war. (In subsequent decades, below-replacement-level fertility amplified such concerns.) Total mobilization for war resulted in the massive influx of female workers into industry, thus undercutting prevailing assumptions about the logic and equity of an industrial system characterized by sharp divisions of labor by sex, discrimination in hiring and remuneration in the job market, and routine reliance on unpaid female labor in childrearing. In the March 1917 issue of The Economic Journal, Eleanor F. Rathbone addressed these issues in an article titled “The remuneration of women's services.” This article is reproduced below in full. “Perhaps the most important function which any State has to perform—more important even than guarding against its enemies—is to secure its own periodic renewal by providing for the rearing of fresh generations,” asserted Rathbone. How is this burden paid for? She saw the existing system as iniquitous and haphazard—requiring a disproportionate and unremunerated contribution from the adult female population, a contribution supplemented only in a “hesitating and half-hearted way” by the state. The modern state gradually accepted responsibilities to cover some of the costs of formal education and started to make minor provisions for child nurture and medical expenses. Still, she noted, “the great bulk of the main cost of [population] renewal [the state] still pays for… by the indirect and extraordinarily clumsy method of financing the male parent”—thus accomplishing the task “in a very defective and blundering way.” Rathbone argued for a radical rethinking and revision of the existing system. She further elaborated her proposals in a book, The Disinherited Family, published in 1924. This book was republished posthumously in 1949 under the title Family Allowances. Lord Beveridge, father of the post–World War II British welfare state, in an Epilogue written for that book, attributes the intellectual preparation of the 1945 Family Allowances Act “first and foremost” to the author of The Disinherited Family. Eleanor Rathbone was born in 1872 to a prominent Liverpool family. Educated at Oxford in classics and philosophy, she played an active public role as a suffragist, feminist, and advocate of social reforms. She was a member of the British Parliament, as an Independent, from 1929 to her death in 1946.     

人口和计划生育统计公报2006年第1号 第四次全国人口和计划生育系统人事统计公报

为掌握全国人口和计划生育系统乡级及以上机构、编制、人员情况,国家人口和计划生育委员会组织实施了第四次全国人口和计划生育系统人事统计。统计时点为2005年12月31日。统计范围包括大陆地区县级及以上人口和计划生育委员会及其直属、挂靠单位,新疆生产建设兵团的各级人口和计划生育委员会及其直属、挂靠单位,乡（镇、街道）人口和计划生育管理、服务机构。现将主要结果公布如下：     

World Population Day '93 observed

President Abdur Rahman Biswas inaugurated the World Population Day '93 at the Osmani Memorial Hall in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on July 11. He stressed the importance of reducing the national population growth rate from 2.03% in 1923 to 1.82% by the 1995. The event was organized jointly by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the Directorate of Family Planning, and the United Nations Population fund (UNFPA). The president expressed his deep concern over the population growth rates in developing countries, which are much higher than resources. He noted with satisfaction that 40% of the eligible couples in the country practice family planning (FP) and expressed hope that this could be raised to 50% by 1995. If the program becomes successful, ideal families would consist of two children by 2005. He later presented prizes and certificates to field workers, ulemas, traditional birth attendants, FP depot holders, and the workers of nongovernmental organizations for their commendable services in Fp and maternal-child health services. The Health and Family Welfare minister in his speech warned that if the current population growth is not checked, the consequences would be disastrous, which could be averted by adopting new strategies. The deputy minister for Health and Family Welfare illustrated the threat of population escalation and recounted some of the recent government control measures. The secretary, Ministry of Health Family Welfare, said that at the present rate of growth the Bangladeshi population would double in 34 years. The director general, Directorate of Family Planning, said that the FP program has become accountable with a system of incentives and disincentives. Earlier, the UNFPA country director in his speech remarked that it was crucial for the entire world to solve the population problem. In the morning, in the main cities, hundreds of people involved in national FP activities paraded to demonstrate the social legitimacy of the Bangladeshi Fp program.     

90年代以来中国计划生育工作的回顾和展望

90年代以来 ,中国的计划生育工作进了入崭新的发展阶段 ,在过去 2 0年努力的基础上 ,探索出综合治理人口问题的“两个转变”的新思路 ,在坚持“三为主”方针的基础上 ,实现了计生工作方法的创新 ,即走“三结合”之路。“计生协会”是计划生育村民自治的有效载体 ,计生协会群众队伍是计划生育工作中的骨干力量。《中华人民共和国计划生育法》的颁布为依法生育、依法行政提供了法律保证。黑龙江省首创的“三自主”经验开创了欠发达地区计生工作新的运行机制 ,代表了今后计生工作的发展方向     

Hong Kong: women's club movement expanding

2 more women's clubs have been opened by the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong following the success of the 1st such club at Yue Taipo organized in September 1970. The 2nd club is located at the Hing Shing Temporary Housing Area in Kwai Chung and caters to new residents. The 3rd, established January 4, 1980, is located at the Fortune Street Temporary Housing Area in Cheung Sha Wan. The overall aim of these clubs is to give a boost to the quality of family life through organized educational and recreational facilities. Activities at both clubs were initiated by formal opening ceremonies presided over by representatives of the Housing Estates and Family Planning Association. Welcoming wellwishers at each ceremony, Mrs. Peggy Lam, Acting Director of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong; drew attention to the important contribution made by family planning to the well being of families. It was through the wise planning of their families that parents were provided with ample time and energy for the upbringing of chilren, said Mrs. Lam. The activities of the women's clubs include instruction on traditional women's activities, and talks on sanitation, childrearing, interpersonal relations, nutrition, and permanent contraception. Mrs. Lam felt that the fact that 79% of married women of childbearing age in Hing Shing were practicing family planning was most encouraging.     

市场经济体制下计划生育工作的发展方向——黑龙江省黑河市从“三为主”、“三结合走向“三自主”的历程调查报告

黑龙江省黑河市多年来一直坚持把计划生育工作纳入经济社会的总体规划统筹考虑 ,坚持“三为主” ,推行“三结合” ,辟建“三自主”试验区 ,使计划生育工作步入良性发展的轨道。实践证明 ,“三自主”试验区是我国计划生育工作发展的必然产物 ,代表了社会主义市场经济条件下计划生育工作的发展方向     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this Issues. Warren C. Robinson and John A. Ross (eds. ) The Global Family Planning Revolution: Three Decades of Population Policies and Programs Zhongwei Zhao and Fei Guo (eds. ) Transition and Challenge: China's Population at the Beginning of the 21st Century Göran Therborn Between Sex and Power: Family in the World, 1900‐2000 David Blankenhorn The Future of Marriage     

四平市实行村级计划生育分类管理的实验报告

吉林省四平市实行村级计划生育分类管理,经过三年的实践与探索,取得了显著成效。     

The National Conference of Propaganda Work on Family Planning held Beijing]

The National Conference on Propaganda Work in Family Planning, held in Beijing from November 1-6, 1982, was sponsored by the the Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and the National Family Planning Committee. Among the 136 participants were representatives from various provincial, city, and autonomous region propaganda and family planning units, the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army, general trade unions, All China Women's Federation, Communist Youth League, and propaganda reporters. The purpose of the conference was to discuss how to organize family planning propaganda in meeting China's goal of limiting the population to 1,200,000,000 by 2000, and how to arrange a Family Planning Propaganda Month for early 1983. The Chairman of the National Family Planning Committee made 3 points: family planning is a basic national policy, greater propaganda efforts must be made towards peasant family planning, and everyone must work hard to create a new situation in family planning work. The Vice Minister of the Propaganda Department remarked that family planning propaganda was foremost among the 12 national propaganda topics; these sentiments were supported totally by the representatives of the women and youth groups. The Vice Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the Central Committee said that family planning work was longterm, and that its success lay in the countryside. Finally, the Vice Chairman of the National Family Planning Committee encouraged all delegates to take the spirit of the conference back to their home. During the conference delegates also met to discuss important points in planning the Family Planning Propaganda Month.     

论新时期加强村级计划生育工作的举措

计划生育工作的重点、难点在农村，因此，应将计划生育工作的重心下移到村一级。本文就新时期加强村级计划生育工作的认识，目前广东省基层基础工作存在的主要问题及其原因和举措作了一些论述。     

India: New family planning program direction outlined

The focus of the current Family Welfare Program in India is education and active community involvement rather than coercion and compulsion. The government is totally committed to the program and has indicated that it will spare no efforts to motivate people to voluntarily accept family planning. However, there is a need for family planning efforts to include all aspects of family welfare, particularly those designed to promote the health of mothers and children. All family planning methods will be made available, and the family will be free to choose the method they prefer. As part of the program, employees of the Union government, State governments, autonomous and local bodies are expected to set an example and adopt the small family norm. The policy statement made by Mr. Raj Narain, Minister of Health and Family Welfare, revealed the government's decision not to legislate, either at the national or the State level, for compulsory sterilization. Sterilization services will be available free of charge to those who voluntarily choose this method. A plan for training indigenous midwives will be implemented as part of the program in order that maternity services may be available to all expectant mothers. Additionally, in recognition of the direct correlation between illiteracy and fertility and between infant/maternal mortality and age at marriage, the government will introduce legislation to raise the minimum age at marriage to 18 years for girls and to 21 years for boys. The plan is for trade unions, Chambers of Commerce, cooperative societies, women's organizations, teachers' federation, district councils, and other voluntary institutions to be associated intimately with the educational campaign launching the Family Welfare Program.     

Variables Associated with Resilience in Divorced Families

The present study focuses on the salutogenicproperties of post-divorce families andattempts to identify factors that promoteresilience and family well-being. Within thesalutogenic paradigm the focus is on positivecharacteristics and strengths that contributetowards the growth and development of a system.Family coherence is used as an indication ofthe level of recovery after the crisis, and isused as the dependent measure with regard tothe present well-being of the family. Across-sectional survey research design wasused. The 98 participating families wereidentified on the grounds of the nature of thecrisis (divorce) and the developmental phase ofthe family. An open-ended question and thefollowing self-report questionnaires werecompleted by the parent and a child: abiographical questionnaire, the Relative andFriend Support Index, the Social Support Index,Family Crises Oriented Personal EvaluationScales, Family Sense of Coherence Scale, andthe Family Hardiness Index. Results show thatintra-family support, support of the extendedfamily, support of friends, religion, opencommunication amongst family members, and workand financial security were factors promotingresilience in these families.     

The Catholic response to the population problem

A survey of efforts led or sponsored by the Catholic church in response to the population problem in the Philippines. These efforts stem from the Church's belief that population growth is related to the overall picture of development, and that priority must go to social and economic justice. The Catholic Church of the Philippines (to which 85% of the population belong) views it as a problem basically involving care of people, and directs its efforts primarily at internal human sexual control rather than external contraceptive control. Family Life Education began as a program in the church in the 1960s. Efforts by priests, nuns, and lay leaders in Mindanao eventually resulted in counseling in husband-wife relations, marriage commitment, human sexuality, parent-child relations, and responsible parenthood, and to the creation of college courses to prepare teachers in tackling sex education. A program offering natural family planning was also started, initially for employees of a packing firm and later expanding throughout the province. In 1975, the program was launched in Manila, and a year later had 3 family life centers. The ovulation (or Billings) method is offered -- an advantage to low income people because it does not require purchase of a thermometer. Success of this method requires a sense of responsibility on the part of both husband and wife. Widespread international interest in the ovulation method has led to formation of an International Federation for Family Life Promotion, to which the Philippine Federation for Natural Family Planning has applied for membership. The IFFLP is working with the WHO Human Reproduction Unit on 2 projects, part of one of them (a field trial for evaluation) being conducted in Iligan City, Iloilo City, and Manila. Among the concerns of the IFFLP-WHO collaboration is developing a standardized Natural Family Planning curriculum or educational package.     

流动人口计划生育工作指标体系与考核评估方式初探

流动人口计划生育工作是我国计划生育工作的两大难点之一。要提高流动人口计划生育管理水平,必须建立科学的指标体系来规范流动人口计生管理。本文结合实践,论述流动人口计生管理工作指标体系设置原则,统计口径,以及管理质量考核评估方法和内容。     

Iud retention in West Pakistan and methodology of assessment

In 1967 there was a sample survey of women who had had IUD insertions in West Pakistan during the first 18 months of the Pakistan National Family Planning Program which began in July, 1965. The 12 month retention rate, including reinsertions, per 100 respondents was 56. Certain gross relationships between respondent characteristics and IUD retention were found. Respondents age 35+ and with 5+ living children and respondents who had insertions within two months postpartum had relatively high retention rates. Respondent characteristics associated with low retention rates included: age 35+ with 0–4 living children; reasons other than family planning reported as reasons for insertion; less than one-half hour travel time required to obtain insertion; not informed at time of insertion about side-effects of IUD; and insertion during last six months of 1966. Consistency of response was evaluated by reinterviewing a sample of respondents. The significance of the 43 percent non-response rate was evaluated by making further attempts to interview a sample of non-respondents.     

新农村人口健康促进项目在西藏

2006年11月,西藏在昌都地区的昌都、察雅、左贡三个县启动了“新农村新家庭——大香格里拉地区人口健康促进项目”,为期3年。该项目是国家人口计生委新农村新家庭人口健康促进项目的一部分,主要针对健康、亚健康人群,开展经常性的健康检诊、健康教育和健康咨询等活动,旨在促进老少边穷地区的人口健康水平。     

人口和计划生育统计公报2007年第2号 2006年全国人口和计划生育抽样调查主要数据公报

2006年8月，国家人口和计划生育委员会组织实施了第六次全国（不含香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省，下同）人口和计划生育抽样调查。本次调查采取三阶段、与规模成正比的概率抽样方法，在全国120个统计监测县（市、区）进行，对全国有较好的代表性。共调查1200个村（居）委会，     

The Swiss Equal Rights Amendment: A case study

In June, 1981, the Swiss passed a constitutional amendment providing legal equality for men and women. How that could happen in a legal system that appears to be more than most designed to maintain male privilege is the major topic of this case study. The nature of the political system into which the Swiss equal rights amendment was introduced and of the support and opposition to the amendment are examined. The impact of the amendment since its passage is reported. Each major aspect of the Swiss situation is compared with the American experience with the Equal Rights Amendment and the significance of the Swiss case for American social action is delineated.Richard Kerckhoff is Professor of Family Studies and Timothy Leupp is a graduate student in the Department of Child Development and Family Studies. The study reported here was made possible by time and resources provided by Purdue University, School of Consumer and Family Sciences.     

人口和计划生育利益导向政策“有利少导”现象例析

相比而言,利益导向政策在实际执行过程中,政策杠杆导向作用显弱。奖励扶助政策含金量不够、惩罚机制成效不大、普惠政策比较效应明显、政策实施部门缺少良好协作、非受益群众不关心等是主要原因。建议:协调政策,在普惠政策制定和执行中应考虑对计生家庭的优惠优先,计生优惠政策需相关政策协调支撑;部门配合,需要和强化机制定时进行协调并督促各部门履行职责,设立专门的奖励扶助办公室全面负责各级的计生利益导向政策;营造舆论,开展对领导干部、计生宣传干部和群众多层次的宣传;科学决策,在制定优惠政策时,充分注意群众需求的丰富性、多层次性和可持续性,适地适时加大政策的奖励力度。