进口竞争、产品差异化与企业产品出口加成率

本文借鉴De Loecker等(2016)的方法,测度了企业—产品层面的生产要素投入,度量了我国企业产品出口加成率,并区分产品差异化程度,实证研究产品层面关税降低导致的进口竞争对于企业产品出口加成率的影响。总体上,进口竞争显著提升了企业产品出口加成率,区分产品差异化程度后,发现其对异质性产品出口加成率有显著促进效应,而对同质性产品出口加成率的影响效应不明显;改变关键变量测算方法、样本选择、模型估计方法后研究结论依然稳健。进一步作用机制检验表明,进口竞争对企业产品出口加成率的"价格效应"不明显,但"成本效应"和"质量效应"的作用显著,特别是通过提高异质性产品质量、降低同质性产品边际成本影响出口加成率。相对而言,进口竞争对出口中的外资和民营企业、进口企业、高市场竞争程度产品企业,以及一般贸易产品和资本品的出口加成率有更强的影响效应。本文识别了进口竞争影响出口加成率的差异化机制,发现了进口竞争影响我国企业产品出口加成率的质量升级效应,表明进口竞争有利于提升我国企业产品的国际市场势力。     

技术创新与新创企业生产率——来自VC/PE支持企业的证据

现代经济中,国家的竞争力取决于创建高生产率的创业企业,这些企业能够创造新产品和服务、财富以及新的工作岗位。本文利用2007—2011年PE/VC支持的新创企业数据实证分析了技术创新与企业生产率的关系,我们采用LP方法估计了新创企业的生产率,在充分控制企业异质性及可能的内生性后,研究发现:(1)研发投入对企业生产率具有显著的正向影响关系,且存在滞后效应;(2)高新技术行业的研发投入弹性系数明显高于非高新技术行业;(3)研发投入对不同生产率水平企业生产率的贡献具有明显差异。此外,企业规模和资产负债率均对新创企业生产率具有显著的负向影响,盈利能力和行业需求的增长有利于新创企业生产率的提升。     

企业生产率与企业对外直接投资进入模式选择——来自中国企业的证据

本文借助中国商务部提供的《境外投资企业(机构)名录》(以下简称),整理了"中国企业对外直接投资数据库",再把该数据库与"中国工业企业数据库"匹配,形成的全新数据库包含丰富的企业财务信息和企业对外直接投资信息。基于整合后的数据库,本文首次实证考察了生产率对中国企业对外直接投资海外市场进入模式的影响。本文发现:生产率越高的企业对外直接投资时选择并购模式的概率越大;母国企业上游知识资产跨国流动性差异会一定程度影响生产率的选择效应;通过对生产率分解进一步发现,管理能力越强的企业明显倾向于选择并购模式,但研发能力对投资模式的选择效应却并不明显。因此,本文的发现对我国"走出去"企业进入模式选择能够提供微观层面的经验证据,在一定程度上是对当前我国企业对外直接投资研究文献的有力补充。     

中国出口企业与生产率关系检验与解释 基于市场采购贸易视角

<正>本文使用2020和2021年两期中国海关数据库分别从行业、地区、规模、企业所有制等层面进行企业出口和生产率之间的关系进行检验，并从市场采购贸易政策视角对出口生产率悖论现象进行成因分析。结果显示，我国仍然存在明显的出口生产率悖论现象，集中在劳动密集型行业和沿海地区企业，而市场采购贸易政策虽然可以有效扩大出口规模，但不能提升企业的平均生产率水平。因此提出建议，在政策实施过程中，要引导企业发挥“出口学习”效应，在出口竞争中提升生产水平。     

R&D投入与产学研绩效关系的实证研究

利用广东省产学研合作企业的调查数据,探讨了产学研合作中不同属性的R&D投入之间关系及其对创新绩效的影响。研究结果表明:从产学研R&D资金构成来看,政府资金在引导企业增加研发投入方面起到了杠杆作用;政府公共研发投入对企业R&D支出的杠杆效应大于挤出效应;社会资金参与研发活动的总量较低;企业自有研发投入在获取核心竞争优势、提升企业创新绩效中起主导作用;中小企业参与产学研合作的积极性更高,但与大企业相比合作成效不显著;出口导向对合作企业吸收国外技术溢出的促进作用不显著。     

信息技术、劳动力结构与企业生产率——破解“信息技术生产率悖论”之谜

如何利用新一代信息技术提高企业生产率,对于中国经济高质量增长至关重要。本文基于互补理论阐释人力资本结构提升ICT生产率效应的微观机制:高技能劳动力能有效匹配ICT应用带来的生产方式与组织结构变革,而长期雇员则提升了企业对ICT应用导致的生产柔性与分工深化的适应能力,强化ICT生产率效应。进一步地,本文利用世界银行统计的中国120个城市共11999家企业调查数据从微观层面考察ICT对企业生产率的影响,并从人力资本结构角度验证中国企业突破"信息技术生产率悖论"的可行路径。实证研究发现,高技能员工和长期雇佣员工均与ICT形成互补效应,能够显著提升ICT的生产率效应,这一结论在考虑了内生性并经一系列稳健性测试后依然成立。进一步的异质性分析还发现,互补效应在市场化程度更高的地区、程序化任务密度更强以及技术密集型行业呈现显著增强的特征,并且规模越大的企业互补效应越强。本文的研究表明,加强人力资本建设是企业能否更好地依托新兴信息技术实现转型升级的关键。本文研究结论为当前中国进一步优化智能制造转型路径、推动制造业高质量增长提供了政策启示。     

财政纵向失衡、地方激励异化与企业投资

在“收入集权，支出分权”的制度背景下，地方政府的财政纵向失衡可能引发地方激励异化，进而对辖区内企业的投融资决策产生影响。本文以2007～2019年中国A股上市企业为样本，实证检验表明地方政府财政纵向失衡会显著提升区域内企业的投资支出水平。机制检验表明，政策扶持力度增强和土地价格上升是财政纵向失衡影响企业投资支出的正向渠道；而财政纵向失衡带来的政府投资增加是影响企业投资支出的负向渠道。异质性检验发现，财政纵向失衡对企业投资的促进效应在国有企业、大规模企业、低市场化程度地区和高经济竞争地区更加明显。此外，财政纵向失衡对企业投资的促进效应是偏离最优效率水平的，主要体现在增加了企业的过度投资水平。本文的研究发现揭示了各层级政府间的财政关系影响辖区内企业决策的微观机制，将有助于理顺政府与市场关系，助力地区经济高质量发展。     

城市蔓延与生产率:促进还是抑制? ——基于夜间灯光数据的分析

城市蔓延有利于提高城市生产率吗?文章首先从城市规模、城市人口密度两个方面阐释城市蔓延影响生产率的内在机理,基于长江经济带104个城市2002年~2013年夜间灯光数据,实证研究了城市蔓延的生产率效应,主要结论如下:1)城市蔓延对长江经济带生产率具有显著负向影响,意味着城市无序、低密度扩张阻碍了长江经济带生产率的提高.2)分区域研究发现,城市蔓延对东、中、西部地区城市生产率的影响为负,但对东部地区生产率影响最小,对中西部地区生产率产生较大影响.3)分产业研究发现,城市蔓延降低第二产业生产率的同时显著提升了第三产业生产率.4)考虑空间溢出效应的空间杜宾模型研究发现,城市蔓延影响生产率的直接效应与间接效应均显著为负,且间接效应远大于直接效应,意味着城市蔓延对长江经济带城市生产率的影响具有明显的空间溢出效应.     

出口集聚企业“双重成长环境”下的学习能力与生产率之谜——新—新贸易理论与新—新经济地理的共同视角

针对我国省份(地区)的企业TFP度量以及相应的核密度分布对比,研究发现集聚(或出口)企业生产率异质性程度均弱于非集聚(或非出口)企业,表明"集聚中学习"和"出口中学习"机制导致企业在模仿学习过程中走向生产率同质化。而集聚出口环境下的企业具有生产率优势;双重学习能力和异质性程度均明显,即创新效应大于模仿效应;内资企业的双重学习能力强于外资企业。进一步的实证检验发现集聚环境有利于企业增加对"销售市场"和"要素市场"的学习能力,出口环境可增加企业的经验值;技术迁入型的外资企业在集聚(或出口)环境下的学习动机和能力不足;研究还发现出口型企业更加依赖集聚的专业化经济带来的学习能力提升。     

研发对企业利润的影响及出口扩大效应

利用异质企业模型并引入研发作为影响企业生产率的异质因素,研究发现在一定的范围内企业增加研发投入能够带来利润的提高,并且企业选择出口或者增加出口交易量能够扩大研发对企业利润的促进作用,即出口具有扩大效应。根据2005-2007年《中国工业企业数据库》实证检验发现:(1)企业研发规模与利润规模呈显著的正相关性,从而研发对企业利润可能具有促进作用;(2)如果保持生产率不变,企业研发规模对利润规模的偏效应大约降低1/3,从而生产率是企业研发影响利润的一个重要途径;(3)企业选择出口尽管能够扩大研发对利润的促进作用,但是证据较弱;(4)具有强烈的证据显示企业增加出口能够扩大研发对利润的促进作用。总之,研发对企业利润可能具有积极的促进作用,并且企业出口很可能会扩大这种促进作用。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.