社会性别视角下的土地征用研究综述

随着我国现代化建设进程的加快,土地被征用现象非常突出,而土地在征用中所表现出的社会性别问题,即农村女性的合法权益在这一过程中受到侵害的现象比较严重。研究并解决这个问题对于落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会、促进经济发展具有重要意义。笔者在查阅了相关文献之后,列举了农村女性在土地征用以及相关的补偿和社会保障方面所受到的不公正待遇,并做出评述。     

社会性别视角下的公共政策研究

本文简要论述了公共政策与社会性别的概念,以及二者近年来的融合与发展过程,在此基础上提出将性别视角纳入公共政策的相应措施。     

企业TMT决策冲突及其协调方案研究

针对现代企业高层管理团队(TMT)的组建与运行过程中经常发生各种冲突的问题,详细分析了TMT决策冲突产生的原因及其类型;引进决策权力系数,对偏好排序模型进行改进得出最优决策,并应用改进的偏好排序模型对整体战略决策冲突各方选择的不同方案进行系统分析,以协调TMT内部决策冲突的各方,使之达到状态平衡,从而化解TMT内部决策冲突.     

群决策理论、方法及其应用研究的综述与展望

群决策是近年来决策理论研究的热点课题,它在现代政治、管理、军事和科技等重大决策问题中起到了越来越重要的作用.对群决策的定义与理论基础进行评述,分析群决策理论、方法及其应用研究的现状与存在的问题,最后展望群决策的发展方向与趋势.     

刍议教育决策中的平等与效益:挑战与对策

教育平等和教育效益是教育决策的两大原则,在21世纪的中国存在着事实上的教育不平等和教育效益低下。文章对教育平等和教育效益的现状进行了剖析,引起思考和共鸣。     

企业创新采纳决策实证研究

本文评述了企业创新采纳的概念、方式与影响因素,构建了关于企业创新采纳决策的理论框架,并运用实证研究方法具体分析了企业在采纳大学工业配套性科技创新成果过程中的影响因素与采纳方式选择之间的关系。研究结果表明市场环境特性、创新技术本身特性和创新采纳企业自身特点对企业创新采纳决策会产生重要影响。     

环境偏好和环境税对企业技术决策的影响分析

在双寡头垄断市场结构下,分析环境偏好和环境税对企业市场需求和技术采纳决策的综合影响。结果表明:消费者环境偏好影响产品需求,激发企业绿色技术采纳动机;企业采纳绿色技术的效益与环境税税率呈现倒U型变化。     

合作治理视角下的决策艺术——合作决策

从20世纪八十年那以来人类就进入了后现代社会,现在的治理模式已经不再适应社会背景的变革,合作治理模式是中国面临双重转型时的必然选择。公共治理的核心就在于决策,传统公共决策模式也不再适应转型后的治理模式,公共决策模式必须接受突破和创新。本文在合作治理视角下分析公共决策的艺术合作决策的概念和意义。     

社会性别视角下的家庭核心化

家庭核心化是社会化和经济发展水平不断提高、社会文明不断趋于现代化的产物,是家庭结构变化的一种趋势。根据结构功能主义理论,家庭结构的变迁衍生出家庭功能的变化。家庭功能关系着各个家庭成员所扮演的角色和承担的责任。社会性别差异是基于传统家庭中家庭成员的角色构建的。因此,家庭功能的变化对社会性别差异产生了一定的影响。     

多人从经验中学习模型研究：基于信息和分析方法的异质性视角

多人从经验中学习时,常常出现由于不同个体掌握的信息和分析方法不同,而导致的学习效率低的现象。基于时空理论,本文分析了多人从经验中学习时的信息异质性和分析方法异质性,并构建了信息结构异质性和信息内容异质性的桥梁结构,以及分析方法集。本文还对导致信息和分析方法错误的因素和对应的解决方法进行了阐述。进一步地,本文构建了基于信息和分析方法的异质性视角的多人从经验中学习过程机制模型,认为在可用的资源的制约下,多人可以通过“清洗”和“清除”信息和分析方法来提高信息真实性和分析方法可用性,通过“寻找”提高信息和分析方法的完整性,以达到学习目标的具体要求,从而提升学习效率,并列举了一些实践工具。本文从信息和分析方法的异质性视角出发,对多人从经验中学习时可能遇到的问题和解决方法进行探索,为提升学习效率提供理论依据和实践建议。     

公司治理模式的多维度比较研究:构建公司治理权变模式

本文依据制度环境维度,将公司治理模式分为外部监管模式、家族监管模式和内部监管模式;依据人力资本维度,将公司治理模式分为股东至上主义模式、双边治理模式、员工至上主义模式;依据企业成长维度,将公司治理模式分为古典治理模式、过渡治理模式和现代治理模式。本文进行了公司治理模式三个维度的比较研究,即从宏观层面、中观层面和微观层面对公司治理模式进行比较研究。在综合考虑三个维度因素基础上,构建了公司治理权变模式。     

顾客参与公司治理与公司相互持股的比较研究

通过顾客参与公司治理与公司相互持股的比较研究,从企业战略联盟的角度,得出了顾客参与公司治理实质上是代表了一种新型的企业战略联盟类型——治理权战略联盟——的结论,它与现有的包括公司相互持股在内的股权型战略联盟和契约型战略联盟相比更具生命力和优越性。在当前经济总体上由短缺经济过渡到过剩经济、卖方市场变成买方市场的背景下,通过顾客参与公司治理的形式在供需双方间建立治理权的战略联盟必将成为越来越多企业的现实选择。     

Institutional Complementarities within Corporate Governance Systems: A Comparative Study of Bankruptcy Rules

Recent research work has put forward theconcept of national system of corporate governance to describe the complex architecture of legal rules, economic mechanisms and mentalities which constrain managerial discretion in a different way according to the country considered. The role played by the legal system in this set of mechanisms is particularly important and, as part of the legal system, the bankruptcy law performs a specific function: designed as a governance device for financially distressed firms, it also acts as a monitoring mechanism for healthy ones. The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms of corporate governance in the context of bankruptcy in a comparative perspective. Relying on a broad definition of corporate governance (i.e., one which takes into account the influence of all stakeholders on managerial discretion), we first examine the insolvency codes of five countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States). The stance of the law (creditor-oriented vs. debtor-oriented) is discussed in relation to the legal tradition of each country. We then study the way bankruptcy law in each country articulates with the other governance mechanisms. For that purpose, a typology of those mechanisms is used, based on the type of device each kind of stakeholder is able to activate. Results of both theoretical and empirical studies on bankruptcy are used to understand which of the different devices are used in each country. The comparative approach underlines the impact of institutional differences on organizations through the incentives sent to their stakeholders.     

聚焦活动与企业价值之关系——从公司治理机制探讨

本研究系探讨企业聚焦活动宣告对股票报酬之影响,采用1993年至2002年间33家台湾上市上柜公司宣告聚焦活动为研究对象,并以事件研究法市场模型为分析工具,同时以复回归方法从公司治理角度去探讨影响累积异常报酬之因素。研究结果发现,企业聚焦之宣告可获得显著且正向累积异常报酬;而董事会规模、上一年多角化程度以及研究发展费用等因素与累积异常报酬呈正相关。然而,大股东持股比率与累积异常报酬呈负相关。     

Decision Style in British and Swedish Organizations: A Comparative Examination of Strategic Decision Making

In this paper results from parallel large scale studies of strategic decision making in Sweden and the United Kingdom are reported. Swedish decision makers are found to employ a decision making style which emphasizes negotiation within a restricted group. This style, which involves considerable information search, leads to very long decision times. Strategic decisions in Britain are made among groups which include fewer strongly committed participants. Delays are common and often serious, but do not lengthen the process unduly. Decision styles in both countries include contrasting tendencies which produce a dynamic tension in the decision arena.     

Gender Differences in Risk Perception: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives

A substantial body of risk research indicates that women and men differ in their perceptions of risk. This paper discusses how they differ and why. A review of a number of existing empirical studies of risk perception points at several problems, regarding what gender differences are found in such studies, and how these differences are accounted for. Firstly, quantitative approaches, which have so far dominated risk research, and qualitative approaches give different, sometimes even contradictory images of women's and men's perceptions of risk. Secondly, the gender differences that appear are often left unexplained, and even when explanations are suggested, these are seldom related to gender research and gender theory in any systematic way. This paper argues that a coherent, theoretically informed gender perspective on risk is needed to improve the understanding of women's and men's risk perceptions. An analysis of social theories of gender points out some relations and distinctions which should be considered in such a perspective. It is argued that gender structures, reflected in gendered ideology and gendered practice, give rise to systematic gender differences in the perception of risk. These gender differences may be of different kinds, and their investigation requires the use of qualitative as well as quantitative methods. In conclusion, the arguments about gender and risk perception are brought together in a theoretical model which might serve as a starting point for further research.     

管理者代理行为、公司过度投资与公司治理——基于企业生命周期视角的实证研究

通过建立企业生命周期新的划分指标,从企业发展的动态层面研究管理者代理行为与公司过度投资之间关系随企业生命周期的演变,并检验公司治理机制随企业生命周期的治理效果。结果表明,我国上市公司管理者代理行为随企业生命周期动态变化,其对公司过度投资的影响随企业生命周期发展不断减弱。不同公司治理机制的治理效果随企业生命周期也发生变化,其中董事长总经理兼任在成长阶段能够有效抑制公司过度投资,而独立董事在成熟阶段及大股东在衰退阶段均显著没有发挥应有的监督作用。成长阶段中的公司监事会能够对代理行为引致的过度投资起到显著的监督作用,而董事长总经理兼任则显著加剧代理行为引致的过度投资,成长阶段中管理层持股、成熟阶段中独立董事与外部机构持股以及衰退阶段中大股东均显著没有起到应有的治理作用。     

Comparative and International Corporate Governance

Abstract

In this article, we examine the state of the art in comparative and international corporate governance by identifying the key research questions, main concepts, and paradigms of explanations of cross‐country diversity in corporate governance. First, we discuss the multiple definitions of corporate governance across disciplines and explore how this multi‐dimensional nature of corporate governance posses challenges when making cross‐national comparisons. Second, we review existing comparative research on corporate governance and highlight some of the main characteristics of comparative analysis. Third, we analyze how comparative corporate governance has been understood from four different scholarly perspectives: economics and management, culture and sociology, legal, and political paradigms. We conclude from this third section that future research should make an effort to better integrate cross‐disciplinary paradigms. Fourth, we investigate what insights these four perspectives bring to understand change and stability better in two particular governance dimensions: corporate ownership and the role of labor in comparative corporate governance. Finally, we conclude the article with some forward looking suggestions regarding (1) how different perspectives of corporate governance can be more effectively integrated by adopting case‐based, historical, and actor‐centered forms of institutional explanations and by (2) discussing the current U.S. corporate governance system, frequently seen as the “best practice” model.     

Decision Making,Risk and Gender: Are Managers Different?

This paper explores differences in the nature of decisions taken by males and females. Women are playing an increasingly important role in business management and managers are ultimately tested and evaluated in terms of their success in making decisions. Consequently any difference in the character and quality of decisions taken by male and female managers will have important implications for organizations. This paper reviews the literature, and reports two pieces of empirical work which investigate the connections between gender and decision making. The decision-making characteristics of males and females in a ‘non-managerial’ population in which the majority of individuals have not undergone formal management education are contrasted with a ‘managerial’ population of potential and actual managers who have undertaken such education. It is argued that women are often excluded from managerial positions of authority and leadership due to stereotypes, which have been constructed by observing ‘non-managerial’ populations at large. The paper concludes, however, that these stereotypes may not apply to managers as in the ‘managerial’ sub-population males and females display similar risk propensity and make decisions of equal quality.