What can the regression model of human judgment learn from multi-attribute decision theory?

Zeleny's recent conjecture that multi-attribute decision theory may help to overcome the inadequacies of the linear regression model is incorrect. Recognition of the information processing advantages inherent in multiple -attribute decision situations combined with a requirement of transitivity itself implies linear objective functions. This follows from some recent developments by a psychologist and an economist in the analysis of individual and collective decision processes, developments which do not take as their starting point the paradigm of choice offered in utility theory.     

论唯物史观的经济分析范式(英文)

唯物史观的经济分析范式具有体现唯物史观特征的基本框架，作为自觉运用的科学分析方法，它是经济领域的客观辩证法在头脑中的反映，包括运用马克思主义经济学范畴、原理的分析功能和把握唯物史观分析路径的辩证法要素这两个方面；与西方经济学分析方法对比，唯物史观经济分析方法具有显著的科学特征和优势，其理论创新是由唯物史观的科学性质决定的。     

对两权分离改革范式的十大实证性批判

两权分离改革范式的根本错误 ,不仅在于理论上缺乏行为分析性 ,更在于在实践中所引发的众多难题 :颠倒了自然人产权奠定法人产权的历史关系 ;没有解决国企所有者缺位的核心问题 ;延误了我国非国有企业的制度建设与全面成长的历史机遇 ;违背了世界经济发展的历史事实和基本趋势 ;没有彻底触动政治体制 ;没有解决不合理的社会关系 ;增大了我国制度变迁与经济发展的交易费用 ,没有解决国企企业家成长的制度问题 ;导致经济发展中短期化行为放大 ;社会资产缺乏理性投向。两权分离改革范式导致中国至今的经济改革走样 ,给经济发展带来现实与潜在的巨大危机与困难     

历史地看待哲学的"爱智梦想"

在历史中的哲学总是做着一种"超历史"的"梦".西方传统哲学的这个特点构成了传统哲学的"爱智梦想".由"爱智梦想"塑造的西方形而上学史,反映了那种需要抽象永恒本质的"人的处境",是对人的非人的理解、对历史的非历史的抽象.它隐含着分裂人、瓦解人、失落人的"病症.历史地看待哲学的"爱智梦想",既要看到西方当代思想家在破除哲学的爱智梦想时的真实动机,又要以"哲学在历史中、人在历史中"的视野把握哲学和人的内在一体关系,并从这个"在之中"出发思考人的生命本质.     

Scientific judgment and the limits of conflict-of-interest policies

This article argues that the three major elements of typical university conflict-of-interest (COI) policies (i.e., disclosure, management, and elimination of conflicts via divestiture or recusal) are likely to be insufficient for screening out many worrisome influences of financial COIs. Current psychological research challenges the effectiveness of disclosure, management plans are unlikely to address the wide range of ways that financial COIs can influence scientific judgment, and it is often impractical to eliminate conflicts. Identifying the limits of these policies highlights the importance of considering alternative strategies, such as encouraging more independently funded esearch, in order to maintain the integrity of science.     

论人权的两面性

人权的两面指的是作为道德权利的一面和作为道德义务的一面。人们在理解人权之概念时,往往只看到其道德权利一面,而极少看到其道德义务一面。其实,作为道德权利的人权表达的是人之为人应该具备的资格和人之尊严的价值,它强调了人权之目的与理想;而作为道德义务的人权则表达了人权实现的手段与工具价值,注重了人权之现实。作为道德权利的人权与作为道德义务的人权,应当是我们在完整理解人权时皆须认真对待的,二者不可偏废。     

论人力资源管理中的制度激励

制度激励的基础或根本出发点是经济人理性假定,激励是针对每个人追求自身预期收益最大化经济行为,通过规范的制度安排来引导和约束企业员工,为实现组织目标而努力。在人力资源管理实践中,激励之所以往往成为"问题",很多情况下都与制度安排密切相关。制度激励问题的典型表现形态就是"搭便车"问题与"代理成本"问题,后者解决办法无外乎在如下四种方法之间做折中选择:直接监督解决法;契约完善解决法;股权激励解决法;声誉机制解决法。通过员工持股计划(ESOP)、管理者收购(MBO)或经理股票期权(ESO)等途径和方式实现人力资本股权化,是现代企业制度激励的必然选择。     

论明代的"京徭"之役

"京徭"一词是清人对于明代地方运解两京财物徭役的一种集称.作为明代的钱粮解运之役,该役的实施很大程度上填补了官方运力的不足.然而,作为明代的长解重役,京徭除高额的解运成本外,其负担更多地体现在运解各环节的种种陋规使费,而由此形成的京徭役困成为影响明代基层社会稳定的长期问题.从长时段来看,明代京徭因国家应役环境的变迁呈现两种演变趋势:一是承役户等由富民向中下民户下移;二是承役形式由役户独充发展成以朋充、贴役等为代表的一役多户.与此同时,京徭负担过重和沿途使费的不确定性,在一定程度上延缓了国家钱粮调度的官运改革和徭役的货币化进程.     

三教合一对宋代文人审美心理素质的影响：－兼评《宋代文学通论》

宋代社会,三教合一的影响达到了空前的盛况,它直接深入文人文化心理素质层,对文人心胸涵养、思维模式的扩展和变化起了决定性的作用。随着审美主体意识的强化,审美执著的破除,审美域限进一步扩大,美的本质得到深入的发掘,导致审美形式创造的充分自觉及其有效的灵活性把握。同时因心性修养削平情感的高峰,重理节情的体貌,沉稳平淡的意境,标志着审美情趣的翻新。宋代文学在此基础上得以灿烂辉煌,盛极而变。王水照先生主编的《宋代文学通论》,从文化的角度切入文学领域,重视文化对文学影响的层次性问题,辩证地历史地把握其过程,作深入细致的动态研究,进而提出创作主体心理结构问题以及文化影响文学的美学中介问题,对当前文学史研究观念的调整、视角的更新、思路的开拓无疑具有很大的启发意义。     

Clinical trials of drugs used off-label in neonates: ethical issues and alternative study designs

The use of drugs for indications unapproved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), often called "off label use, "is widespread in children, including neonates. The widespread off-label use of drugs in neonates presents ethical and safety challenges. Since the passage of the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) in 2002, both the FDA and National Institutes of Health (NIH) have taken initiatives to facilitate and encourage research to achieve the necessary labeling for drugs routinely used in infants and children. Federal regulations provide broad rules and guidance for the protection of human subjects in research. However, there are ethical issues that a physician may face when designing clinical trials of drugs in neonates that are routinely used off-label and widely believed to be beneficial. We attempt to describe these ethical challenges and provide recommendations, including alternative study designs, to resolve them in an ethical framework that takes into account the Belmont Report, the statement of the World Medical Association (WMA), and federal regulations.     

Changing the development policy paradigm: Investing in Social security floor for all

The Paper briefly reviews social security coverage that the world has achieved and summarizes economic and social benefits of a national social security system. It then goes on to argue that social security systems are a necessary part of the institutional framework of any effective market economy, creating—among other things—societal cohesion that is needed for long-term economic development. It makes the case that the introduction of basic social protection in developing countries is both a desirable and an affordable investment in their social and economic development. It estimates the global minimum investment cost to provide basic social security and finally suggests international instruments to introduce a global social security floor.     

The stochastic component in choice and regression to the mean

In this article, we illustrate experimentally an important consequence of the stochastic component in choice behaviour which has not been acknowledged so far. Namely, its potential to produce ‘regression to the mean’ (RTM) effects. We employ a novel approach to individual choice under risk, based on repeated multiple-lottery choices (i.e. choices among many lotteries), to show how the high degree of stochastic variability present in individual decisions can distort crucially certain results through RTM effects. We demonstrate the point in the context of a social comparison experiment.     

Medicine and the paradigm of Neo-pragmatism a contribution to medical decision theory

Summary The epistemological paradigm of Systematic Neo-Pragmatism, supported by the author, is closely connected with the (semiotic-) pragmatical notion of model. The latter is expounded, and the models in medicine are characterised on the basis of flow charts and correlation-diagrams of the process of diagnosis. Furthermore, the neo-pragmatic concept of medicine is developed and it is shown how medicine is to be defined as a science of action. Finally, a holistic notion of reality in medicine is presented for which the interaction of subject and object as well as the unity of knowledge and action is important.This article is the revised version of a lecture delivered by the author at a symposium held at the Medizinische Universitätsklinik (university hospital), Cologne, 1 October 1982. The lecture has been published in German in Modelle und Realitäten in der Medizin, ed. R. Gross (Stuttgart-New York: Schattauer, 1983, pp. 7–22). For the present publication, the material has been brought up to date. I wish to thank Professor Gross, the editor of Modelle und Realitäten and the publishing house of Schattauer for their kind permission to reprint translated passages from this volume.     

Preparing human service professionals for work in the fields of gender-related violence: a study in Australia

A recent Australian project surveyed the coverage of domestic and sexual violence in first degree courses in social work and welfare, psychology, nursing and medicine, and then, on the basis of the findings, designed a range of educational packages that meet curriculum deficiencies in ways consistent with the expressed preferences of the academics surveyed. The initial survey revealed that psychology schools generally had a good coverage of relevant psychological theories, but not so the relevant sociological perspectives, gender and power issues. Nursing schools gave only sparse coverage to gender-related violence, with the greatest attention being paid to appropriate practical responses to disclosures of child sexual assault. The medical schools emphasized recognition of behavioral and physical indicators of violence and appropriate legal and medical procedures. Gender and power issues were neglected, a shortcoming less evident in the social work and welfare courses. The latter generally had a good coverage of relevant psychological and sociological perspectives, the recognition of domestic and sexual violence and appropriate practical responses to disclosure of its occurrence. The project has produced four educational packages covering domestic violence, child sexual assault and possible effects in adult life, adult sexual assault, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The design and content of the packages are described in the article.     

Less than human: a qualitative study into the experience of parents involved in the child protection system

This paper reports on the findings from a qualitative study into the experiences of parents who were involved in the English child protection system in 2013. Seventeen in‐depth interviews were conducted involving 19 parents and/or partners, and a framework approach was used to analyse the data. There were positive experiences of individual social workers and some positive experiences of the child protection system. However, the overwhelming theme of the parents' experiences was that the system was uncaring, inflexible and for some harmful to both themselves and their children. Despite being included in the child protection process, parents felt they were not afforded the same rights as a participant, as a decision‐maker or as a partner in seeking to improve the situation. The threat of consequences silenced parents who felt unable to speak out or challenge the things they disagreed with or coerced others into signing agreements they did not agree to. Such experiences related to a sense that they were being treated as ‘less than human’. These findings are considered within the context of recent reforms within the English child protection system.     

A note on the information content of a consistent pairwise comparison judgment matrix of an AHP decision maker

A decision maker using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) could be consistent, and still provide no information in the resulting vector of priorities. An extreme example would be a pairwise comparison judgment matrix filled with 1s which is totally consistent under the various definitions of consistency, but has provided no information about the prioritization of alternatives resulting from the decision maker's judgments. In this paper, the quality of a consistent decision maker's judgments using the Analytic Hierarchy Process is placed in the context of the entropy of the resulting vector of priorities. Indeed, it is the purpose of this paper to provide a formal definition of this notion ofentropy of a priority vector, and to provide a framework for a quantitative measurement of the information content of consistent pairwise comparison judgment matrices of a decision maker who is using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. We will prove that the entropy of the vector of priorities for consistent matrices follows a normal distribution and discuss some general considerations of this result.     

Exploring the multidimensional constructs of transformative school–community collaboration from a critical paradigm

School–community collaboration has become an important approach to enhancing the quality of services to meet the multifaceted needs of students. However, there is little understanding of how to create and maintain successful school–community collaboration. Drawing on a critical paradigm, this study developed a comprehensive framework for transformative school–community collaboration (TSCC) and developed a valid scale to assess the major dimensions of TSCC. Using school survey data, an exploratory factor analysis identified four multidimensional constructs: (a) critical member capacity representing members' organizing, interpersonal, and critical analysis skills, (b) equal relations with respect to joint membership, interaction, and outcome distribution, (c) democratic network governance measuring the basic elements of democracy in decision‐making, and (d) empowering coordination reflecting a responsive, flexible, and supportive coordination system. This study also showed that low‐income and urban schools reported significantly lower levels of equal relations and empowering coordination. The developed scale can be used as an evaluation tool that monitors and evaluates school–community collaboration ensuring equal, democratic, and empowering structures and processes. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest practice implications and future research agendas to create and maintain successful school–community collaboration.     

On the captivity of the will: Sympathy, caring, and a moral sense of the human

We are concerned in this paper with the question of what more there is to human nature than cognition, with what it is to be a person (or animal) in the sense of something that would justify our sympathy. We examine pain, emotion, and the abrogation of values as sources of our sympathy for one another. We further argue that our sympathy over each of these unfortunate events is connected with our sense that they are beyond a person' s (or an animal' s) will. Computers, we suggest, ought not to engage our sympathy not because of their limited cognitive capacity, and not because they lack intent, but because their wills are too free.