司法过程中的利益衡量批判

在司法过程中,价值衡量是法官填补法律漏洞、做出正确裁判所必须依赖的重要方法。然而长久以来,价值衡量被简化为利益衡量并在许多法学论著中取得了支配地位。这种简化实质上是一种将权利利益化的庸俗产物,对于法治和司法正义必然产生损害。指出价值衡量与利益衡量的严格界限,并做出“权利论”的批判,有助于维护法治之真谛并推动其在司法实践中的实现。     

司法过程中的利益衡量批判

在司法过程中,价值衡量是法官填补法律漏洞、作出正确裁判所必须依赖的重要方法。然而,长久以来,价值衡量被简化为利益衡量,并在许多法学论著中取得了支配地位。文章意在指出,这种简化实质上是一种将权利利益化的庸俗产物,它对于法治和司法正义必然产生损害,指出这一实质,并作出“权利论”的批判,有助于维护法治之真谛并在司法实践中推动它的实现。     

内部证成与外部证成的区分

内部证成与外部证成的区分,构成了当今法律论证的一个重要理论基础.传统法律论证模式关注于推理形式及其规则的研究,而对推理的前提关注不够.而内部证成与外部证成的区分,显示了法学家们将法律论证过程清晰化与精制化的理论努力.国内学界近年来也开始重视这一区分.无论是内部证成还是外部证成,均通过对更为精致的推理结构和过程的探求,来使法律决定或判断正当化.     

从非形式逻辑到人工智能与法——加拿大哲学家道格拉斯·沃尔顿访谈

道格拉斯·沃尔顿是加拿大著名哲学家,加拿大温莎大学推理、论证与修辞学研究中心特聘研究员,是国际论证理论研究的主要代表人物,在论证理论、法律论证以及人工智能与法等领域做出杰出贡献。他不但开拓了非形式逻辑和论证理论,特别是论证方法、对话理论、论证形式和谬误理论的研究;而且率先把这种基础理论研究的结果应用于法律论证和人工智能与法的研究之中,特别是在法律证据推理、法律论证理论和人工智能与法的形式系统等研究中取得重要成果。本文是笔者数年之前对他的一个访谈,他对论证理论、法律逻辑以及人工智能与法等方面的相关论述至今仍有重要的学术价值。     

法律思维认识的矫正——以法学教育为视角

法律思维是衡量法律人准入或水准的折尺,亦是法治实现的前提.然而,在我国,由于相关理论的粗浅、认识上的错误甚或制度上的因素,法学教育因此迷失了方向,与此相应的法学教育自无效率可言,更无法律人或高精尖法律人适量涌出的可能.走出法学教育困境的当务之急乃是要基于法的自然属性、法学的主要任务、法学教育现状、严格实证主义的观念与制度等问题的反思而确立"法学教育就是法律思维之铸成"的理念,以使法学教育的结果应是使学习者获得"渔"而不仅仅是"鱼";并对法律思维的意义及其与法律逻辑、法律方法、法律知识等要素间认识上的错误予以矫正,亦是说,要明晰:法律思维与法律知识的割裂性及非等量性,法律逻辑对法律思维作用的局限性,法律思维与法律方法的关联性与差异性等相关问题,以期在法学教育中为法律思维的培养独辟蹊径.     

论农民土地权利的法律确认依据

理论与实践发展表明,以道德、行政命令等非法律方式来保障权利是不可能的,法的产生和发展在很大程度上基于对利益资源配置的结果,权利的本质就是受法律保护的利益。因此,农民土地权利的保障必须依法来确认:依据一是国内外现代所有权理论内涵的新发展,即西方"权利束"概念及我国学者孟勤国教授"物权二元结构论"的提出,为个人所有权在让位于公共利益的前提下得到有效的保护提供了现实理论指引;依据二是农民土地权利的法律确认有其历史渊源,即中国历代封建王朝在土地资源管理方面都是依靠强制力维护公有土地以及自耕农的土地所有权。不仅对土地私有权予以确认,而且还以严格的法律程序予以保护;依据三是经济学从利益角度也专门深入探讨了权利,利益的保障来自于利益主体法律权利的有无以及权利的大小。法律的经济功能要求法律规则的设计必须有关键利益人参与,使各利益方通过权利制衡从而实现利益的平衡。     

法律类型理论和类推方式研究——以考夫曼类型理论为起点的认识论探究

考夫曼的类型理论提出了一些令人耳目一新的观点:规范是一种类型的概括;规范与事实的联结方式是类推方式;该理论建立在事物的本质基础上.但是考夫曼没有进一步追问一个为什么,这也是许多学者对其理论进行诟病的原因之一.由于类型具有可归约化的特征,人类认识具有类型化的倾向;由类型组成的命题可以化解事实命题与规范命题之间的鸿沟;类推方式的证明是确保结论命题似真的证明途径之一.因此在法律发现、法律推理和法律论证等法律适用过程中,建立在以事物共相基础上的类型理论以及类推方式,带给我们一种全新的思维和方法进路.     

三段论推理在法律论证中的运用

法官作出判决的过程并非如传统涵摄推理模式所显示的那样直接.拉伦茨的"确定法效果的三段论法"也未能从根本上摆脱传统涵摄推理模式的某些缺陷.在法律论证理论中,为保证裁判的合理性与可接受性.必须重构使三段论完整所需要的要素.跟传统涵摄推论模式不同,法律论证的优势在于,具有比较清晰的规则和形式来使法律决定正当化.当然,三段论逻辑形式在法律论证中的运用也有一定的局限性.     

论经济分析方法在反垄断法中的应用

经济分析方法已对反垄断法的理论与实践产生了重要影响,该方法在反垄断法中的作用主要体现在:一方面,它为反垄断法提供经验实证支持;另一方面,它拓宽了法律研究的思路,避免了传统法律思维僵化、封闭的特点.经济分析方法也有其局限性,主要表现为:第一,在技术层面,经验数据的证明力不够充分,静态均衡分析方法自身还存在缺陷;第二,在价值层面一,将经济效率价值作为反垄断法的终极价值诉求存在不足.     

实践民法学概论及其法哲学基础

实践法学是与价值法学、规范法学相对应的一种法学形态。以民法为例,实践民法学是对民法的实践性全新的、多方面的概括,它从民法的历史起源、存在形式和发展方式上分析与界定民法学。实践民法学的法哲学理论基础从民法的社会性、民法的历史性、民法的语义性、民法的现实性等方面对民法进行阐述,它包括:历史法学论、利益法学论、自由法学论与法律语义说。实践民法学及其法哲学基础在确认民法、寻找民法、认识民法与民法推理等具体法律实践中有多种功能。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Microinsurance: A short history

Twenty years ago, the International Social Security Review published an article that introduced a new term to the vocabulary of development and social protection: Microinsurance. Now, twenty years later, it is suitable to take stock of the contribution of microinsurance towards promoting coverage and social security. The article reviews the main insights gained from 20 years of implementation, including a clear expression of the value proposition of health microinsurance, understanding the demand for microinsurance, the business process for successful implementation, and conditions that must be satisfied for scaling and sustainable operations. It also explains the context that led to a considerable divergence in the microinsurance space. The article offers a discussion of unresolved issues and thoughts about the future of microinsurance. The conclusion of this article is that microinsurance can flourish when the necessary four pillars for its implementation exist, namely mainstreaming through political support, enhanced insurance literacy of the customers, technical assistance to self‐administer the schemes, and availability of seed capital. The sufficient additional condition is that customers perceive microinsurance as offering welfare gains that cannot be obtained by other means.     

Culture,Place of Origin,and Service Delivery for Latino Older Adult Immigrants: The Case of Puerto Rican Older Adults

ABSTRACT

A conceptual model for the design and implementation of effective social services for Latino older adult immigrants in the United States is proposed in this article. Built on the stage-of-migration framework (Drachman, 1992 Drachman, D. 1992. A stage-of-migration framework for service to immigrant populations. Social Work, 37: 68–72. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the model presented shows how the premigration service experience of Latino older adults can be used as a basis for service design and implementation in the country of immigration. The case of Puerto Rican older adult immigrants is used to illustrate how the model can be applied to understand present service utilization and develop future programs that are useful and culturally sensitive for Latino older adult immigrants.     

Identifying Themes Regarding the Benefits and Limitations of Caregiver Support Group Conversations

Support groups continue to be one of the most needed and desired forms of help for family caregivers to persons with dementia. Though the effects of caregiver support group participation have been examined, the benefits and limitations of the dynamics of support group conversations have been neglected. This study focuses on the perceived consequences of group dynamics. Three themes—balance, sameness, and individuality—emerged through analysis of open-ended interviews with support group members following observations of their meetings. The consequences of these themes are illustrated with a case study and the implications of these themes for practitioners are discussed.     

Sonic Armatures

ABSTRACT

This article traces the construction of an acoustic regime in Renaissance Florence that was based on the casting, placement, and ringing of civic bells. In confronting the formidable but mute power of the defensive towers that dominated the city's skyline in the late middle ages, successive republican governments regulated these private towers with legislative restrictions while transforming them into a speaking architecture. The new civic bell towers played a crucial, if hitherto neglected role in the struggle to create the Florentine republic, which was the political ground upon which the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance was founded. In contrast to the more antagonistic urbanistic policies that Florentine governments used to combat their enemies, however, the ringing of civic bells exploited the unifying power of religious bells—a power embedded in their role in uniting people into spiritual communities—to integrate its ideals, laws, and institutions into the soundscape of the city. As a result, the sonic armature created by these bells can be read as an evolving attempt to bind the social body to its architectural environment and to create a universal civic society that transcended more localized loyalties and whose existence guaranteed the legitimacy of its ruling bodies.     

时间与海德格尔的“时间性”

本文不是试图对海德格尔进行解释 ,而是试图从文本本身的角度质疑《存在与时间》中概念的矛盾性。《存在与时间》建立了一种新的 ,关于时间始源性问题的学说。时间的始源 ,被海德格尔称为“时间性”。时间性在此在分析中有中心地位 ,对时间作出了新的解释。然而时间性本身却是一个矛盾概念。时间性源于死的本真性 ;死所以是最本真的 ,因为死是必须此在自己去承担的存在可能性。如果以是否自己去承担为标准 ,那么此在能承担的存在可能性并不只有死。所以死不可能是最本真的。因而 ,时间性也不可能是始源性的时间学说。文章通过对时间性的分析指出 ,时间性学说是建立在对于时间的一般理解之上的。