地方政府债务风险问题研究综述--基于权责分离机制的思考

近年来，地方政府债务规模及风险问题引起人们的广泛关注，尤其是专家学者对此众说纷纭，本文通过对相关文献分析指出了导致地方政府债务风险形成的诸多原因，包括经济发展、财政体制、政府行为等，但一个最重要的原因是地方政府并不是“责任政府”，这种权责分离的情况必然导致政府大举借债，风险问题也就不言而喻了。     

风险资产的风险衡量与和谐决策

风险以及风险理财概念日益走进了现代人的生活，但许多人在理解“风险”概念时出现了歧义。《现代汉语词典》中将“风险”解释为“危险．遭受损失、伤害、不利或毁灭的可能性”。而在1981年版的《辞源》和1989年版的《辞海》中．尚没有“风险”的释义。理财学中科学地进行了定义风险是“对事件预期结果的不确定性”。在鼓励探索、鼓励创新的当今时代．这种作中性理解的风险概念更符合时代精神。     

建筑工程中“不可抗力”的风险分担

建筑工程施工过程中经常伴随着“不可抗力”所带来的风险,常常造成严重的经济损失。所以,在建设工程中,要避免“不可抗力”所带来的风险,就必须重视对它的分析和应对。另外,在处理“不可抗力”风险时,应注重合同的签订,重视风险管理,制定相应的应急措施;购买工程保险可以减少不可抗力造成的风险损失。本文从工程实例出发,从不可抗力的概念解读入手,提出了“不可抗力”风险的分担策略,并结合实际工程案例,对工程中“不可抗力”风险承担的思考,将风险转化为更大的经济效益。     

城市经济风险初探

随着我国城市化进程的日益加快，城市作为国民经济的主要载体，集中了绝大部分的工业和第三产业，城市在经济发展中的作用越来越重要。区域经济的繁荣集中反映在城市经济的发展水平上，城市规模在不断扩大，世界出现了城市地带。需要特别指出的是发展中国家城市化步伐加快，出现了如墨西哥城那样的“城市巨人”。同时也必须认识到，世界城市发展也出现了不少问题，特别是在全球经济一体化、经济全球化背景下，城市经济发展面临了许多新问题，遇到了新的机遇和挑战。     

风险社会视阈下环境风险法律规制研究

自从改革开放以来,我国经济得到了飞速的发展,但是同时环境安全问题也随之出现,经济发展与环境安全之间的矛盾日益突显。一旦有重大环境风险事件发生时,社会稳定就会受到严重的影响,很多时候甚至会对经济社会的正常发展带来巨大的阻碍。所以,为了让经济社会得到健康文明的发展,社会安定和谐,我们非常有必要对造成群体性环境风险的因素进行研究,因此本文从风险社会视角下,对环境风险的特质进行了分析,发现具有途径不明确、损失巨大、主观建构性和人为性的特点,但是针对重大环境风险,传统的方案已经无法适应当前的实际情况,所以应该针对当前环境风险的实际情况,以环境政策、公众参与、信息公开为内容,以程序为中心,构建全新的环境风险行政法治方案。     

关于基层供电营业所廉洁从业风险防控管理的思考与实践

基层供电营业所既是供电营销的一线网点,又是城乡社区面向客户的重要窗口．是供电企业廉政建设的“防控要地”。把基层供电营业所作为防控落脚点。以效能监察为抓手,通过廉洁从业风险防控管理,在防控指导上刮起“教育风”。在业务流程上巧下“制度针”。在关键岗位上设立“监督眼”．在违法乱纪上动起“惩治刀”．构建起了一张效能监察立体“护廉网”,规范基层供电营业所岗位流程及关键节点的风险防控管理,实现了惩防体系建设向基层供电营业所的有效延伸。把风险防控管理思想引入基层供电营业所的廉政建设工作中,在关键岗位人员范围内开展廉洁从业“风险点”识别分析及分级防控工作．通过对不同岗位的风险辨识、风险分析评估,制定风险防范对策。积极的运用廉洁思想和情景案例对从业人员进行反腐倡廉教育,提升从业人员廉洁从业素质．加强廉政建设风险防控．针对可能存在的廉政死角。防患于未然。本文．笔者就根据自己在从业工作中的实践和学习,来针对基层供电营业所廉洁从业风险防控这一重要问题进行思考。     

关于规避高职院校办学风险的思考

文章从高职院校发展仍处于中国高校群体的弱势地位，阐述了我国高职院校在办学过程中存在的主要矛盾和风险，提出了国家要通过法律程序，确立国家办学风险规避机制，高职院校要采取积极有效的措施，化解、消除、减缓办学风险的基本思路。     

国资委直接持股如何防范法律风险

国资委直接持股具有诸多正面效应，但也面临法律风险。当前应对和处理国资委直接持股的法律风险问题，主要有依据“角色理论”确定诉讼程序等5项措施。重点在于，应建立防范和化解国资委直接持股法律风险的长期制度安排，如建立有效的上市公司制衡机制等。     

企业班组安全风险管控研究

班组是企业的基本生产单位,也是企业一切工作的落脚点和安全管理的基础面,因此,班组是企业安全风险管控的重点。本文基于安全风险的分级管控原则,通过明确班组成员工作职责,梳理班组安全风险管控的方法和步骤,解决班组成员在落实全员安全生产责任制中“做什么,怎么做”的困惑,实现从源头上管控风险,减少安全生产事故（事件）发生。     

现代文明面临的风险

上期跟大家谈到社会工作应该有更广阔的关怀,这个月就不妨用一个鲜受人关注的研究报告作为说明. 美国最新研究显示，由于全球经济不稳定和人类对资源的消耗压力不断增长，受到工业化推动的现代文明正在加速走向毁灭，如不采取措施，现代文明恐将在未来几十年内面临毁灭风险。该项研究由数学家萨法（SafaMotesharri）领导，得到美国宇航局（NASA）戈达德太空飞行中心资助和自然、社会学家的帮助。他基于“人类和自然动力学”模型，对未来100年以后的工业世界发展状况进行了预测，探讨可导致文明崩溃的各种压力。报告指出，“资源消耗增加”和“社会阶级分化”是导致社会崩溃的主要原因。     

Day Labourers' Work Related Injuries: An Assessment of Risks,Choices, and Policies

Literature and theory surrounding the informal economy in international contexts suggest that informal work arrangements may entail assuming various levels of risk, and that the higher the level of risk in an employment arrangement, the higher the premium paid to the worker. This study is designed to assess if a wage compensation for risk exists within the United States' day labour job market ‐ the most visible sector of the United States' informal economy. Using data from the 2005 National Day Labour Survey we find a statistically significant wage premium indicating that a risk‐wage tradeoff within the day labour informal economy exists. Ultimately, we argue that current policy interventions facilitated through day labour centres into the day labour market appear to be effective in mitigating the risks associated with this type of employment.

• Evidence of a risk‐wage premium in the day labour market suggests there is an incentive to assume higher levels of risk in work arrangements which presents significant concerns for worker safety.
• Higher levels of work related risks assumed by day labourers, may be minimized if they receive proper safety training through a formal venue such as a worker centre.
• Worker centres only serve 20 per cent of all day labourers in the United States, suggesting a need for the establishment of additional worker centres in other connected or industry based work sites, to help mitigate potential work related risks and injuries in the day labour market.

     

上海自贸试验区推进金融综合监管的难点与对策

上海自贸试验区未来应继续矢志不渝地贯彻国家"先行先试"要求,加强体制机制创新、完善配套环境建设,打造"风险可控的金融改革试验区",为金融市场化、人民币国际化及更高水平的对外开放贡献力量.     

后危机时代国际投行的发展动向、发展趋势及其启示

自2008年发生全球性金融危机以来,国际投行发生了哪些重大变化,呈现怎样的发展趋势,由此给我国证券行业带来了哪些有益的借鉴和启示,这些都值得我们思考。本文试图对这些问题进行探讨,以期加强并进一步深化我国证券业的金融创新,加快建立证券业的自主创新体系,同时加强金融衍生品的全面审慎监管与风险控制,有效防范和化解金融风险,从而促进证券业的持续、稳定、健康发展。     

Markets,contingency and preferences: contemporary managers’ narrative identities1

We explore work identity amongst managers, a key group in the ‘new’ capitalism. Some existing accounts of such workplace identities emphasize new ‘cultures of control’, others focus on new requirements and possibilities of individual autonomy through reflective identity formation, while others identify a crisis in workplace identity formation. Focusing on these issues, we analyse the career narratives of 136 managers and show that our empirical data do not neatly fit any existing models. Managers’ career stories were dominated by a ‘market’ narrative, in which they placed themselves as strategic actors making choices in a social world constituted by market‐like interactions. We show that the market narrative frames how managers understand risks to their careers arising from the contingent actions of firms, and how it provides a space for managers to reflectively identify their preferences and pleasures. We consider the consequences of this analysis for contemporary understandings of work and identity.     

Positive Youth Development and Foster Care Youth: A Digital Perspective

The virtual world of the Internet may be used to support positive youth development. Accessing resources in educational, employment, health, and social domains is enhanced by the ability to effectively use digital technology. Foster youth are at risk for poor developmental outcomes and may face barriers to competent use of the Internet. We discuss the benefits and risks of Internet use and the importance of digital literacy to protect against risks, and we offer suggestions on ways that child welfare agencies, case managers, and foster parents can work with youth to support safe and effective use of digital technology.     

Labour market participation among young refugees in Sweden and the potential of education: a national cohort study

This register-based study examined the importance of education on labour market participation among young refugees in Sweden. The study population consisted of unaccompanied (n?=?1606) and accompanied refuges (n?=?4142), aged 23–26 years in 2006–2010, after 7 years of residence in Sweden. Native Swedish, aged 24 years (n?=?347,255) constituted the comparison population, with intercountry adoptees (n?=?6689) as an alternative reference group. Gender-stratified multinomial regression models indicated that unaccompanied and accompanied male and female young refugees had higher risks of being in insecure work force and NEET compared to native Swedes with comparable levels of education. However, young refugees and intercountry adoptees with primary education had similar risks of poor labour market outcomes. The educational differences within each group concerning the risk of being in insecure work force were comparable. With the exception of unaccompanied females, secondary education seemed to be less protective against being in NEET among young refugees compared to native Swedes and intercountry adoptees. We conclude that while young refugees face employment disadvantages, education has the potential of mitigating poor labour market outcomes in this group.     

Gambling and the risk society: the liberalisation and legitimation crisis of gambling in the Netherlands

The liberalisation of gambling is associated with gambling addiction; thus gambling markets can be interpreted in line with Ulrich Beck's thesis of the ‘risk society’. This article analyses the dynamics of the risk society in the case of Dutch gambling markets. It is argued that a paradigm shift relative to gambling policy—from the ‘alibi model’ to the ‘risk model’—has created a legitimation crisis of gambling policy in the Netherlands. This crisis is characterised by a chain of small but significant adjustments to market forces, justified by changing and often contradictory policy motives. Although gambling markets increasingly tend to be regulated with reference to risks, what exactly constitutes these risks is in many cases controversial. This article highlights the ambiguous nature of the risk society and commercialised gambling.     

Regulatory Problems of Commercial Banks in the Context of the European Sovereign Crisis

This study aims to find whether regulatory measurement of banking risks proposed by the Basel Committee provide a framework that allows an adequate reflection of these risks in banks’ capital requirements. The analysis is carried through the prism of financial crisis that started in 2007 and current sovereign crisis in some European countries. In the study we investigated the problems attached to Standardized Approach and risk measurement of a financial instrument based on the rating of issuer. As a result we revealed contradiction in the current regulation, according to which risk free assets provide a better return than riskier assets. We found evidences of the gaps attached to Standardized Approach, which in current sovereign crisis can become problematic not only for commercial banks, but also for the issuers of financial instruments in which commercial banks have investments. Finally, we offered a different method of risk measurement that, we argue, provides a better measurement of banking risks as such.     

ON THE PREFERENCES OF PRINCIPALS AND AGENTS

One of the reasons why market economies are able to thrive is that they exploit the willingness of entrepreneurs to take risks that laborers might prefer to avoid. Markets work because they remunerate good judgment and punish mistakes. Indeed, modern contract theory is based on the assumption that principals are less risk averse than agents. We investigate if the risk preferences of entrepreneurs are different from those of laborers by implementing experiments with a random sample of the population in a fast‐growing, small‐manufacturing, economic cluster. As assumed by theory, we find that entrepreneurs are more likely to take risks than hired managers. These results are robust to the inclusion of a series of controls. This lends support to the idea that risk preferences is an important determinant of selection into occupations. Finally, our lotteries are good predictors of financial decisions, thus giving support to the external validity of our risk measures and experimental methods (JEL C93, D81, D86).