从阿拉伯民族主义到巴勒斯坦民族主义——巴勒斯坦民族的成长历程

巴勒斯坦民族经历了从“潜在民族”→“自在民族”→“自觉民族”的过程。在思想领域,巴勒斯坦人经历了从阿拉伯民族主义到巴勒斯坦民族主义的转变。在完成了这一转变后,美国、以色列和国际社会才把解决巴勒斯坦问题的重心从阿拉伯国家转移到巴勒斯坦人身上,才使中东和平进程步入了正确轨道。     

中东民族主义与中东社会文化变迁

本文认为 ,中东民族主义是推动中东社会文化变迁的重要力量 ,但中东的文化整合过程并不顺利。从外部来看 ,中东地区相对落后的社会经济发展的制约、政治救亡与文化启蒙的两难选择及伊斯兰文化与民族主义的对立 ,决定了中东的社会文化变迁是十分艰难的。从内部来看 ,中东民族主义还存在三个方面的文化困境 ,即民族主义理论本身的局限 ,中东民族主义现代政治内涵的匮乏 ,泛民族主义与部族主义对民族主义造成的文化认同混乱。所有这些使得中东民族主义主导的文化整合进程是不成功的。伊斯兰复兴运动的兴起已证明了这一点。     

土耳其库尔德民族主义的起落

库尔德人是中东地区除阿拉伯人和土耳其人之外的最大民族 ,人口近 30 0 0万 ,主要分布在土耳其、伊拉克、叙利亚和伊朗。其中 ,土耳其境内库尔德人的数量最多 ,有 1 80 0多万 ,约占该国总人口的 2 0 % ,绝大多数居住在该国东南部各省。① 库尔德问题是中东众多热点问题之一 ,对上述四国以及地区安全具有重大潜在性影响。尤其是在土耳其 ,自 1 92 3年起 ,库尔德人就为反对政府的宗教改革和民族同化政策而不断起义 ,甚至谋求在库尔德地区建立独立的库尔德民族国家。 2 0世纪 90年代 ,土耳其库尔德民族主义势力的分裂活动终于导致土耳其爆发内…     

中东经济民族主义的缘起与表现

中东经济民族主义带有外生型和防御型的特点,它首先是在西方强权和文明的入侵下产生的。国际经济旧秩序中遗留下来的不平等因素和国际经济收益的不平衡,也是促使经济民族主义在中东扩散的原因。中东经济民族主义在维护自身权益、发展经济以及争夺地区霸主地位的同时,也体现了某种狭隘性和自我封闭性。中东经济发展既要依靠外部力量,也需要地区间的相互依存。     

中东地区伊斯兰世界两种类型的民族主义

中东地区伊斯兰世界两种类型的民族主义王仲义，詹家锋本世纪以来，中东地区的民族主义引人瞩目。冷战结束以后，该地区民族主义浪潮的波及范围更广，规模更大，影响更深。它对当今的国际局势产生了强大的冲击波，直接影响到国际政治格局的均势。但长期以来，人们对中东地...     

中东民族主义与中东国家现代化

本文主要从民族主义与现代化关联的角度对中东民族主义进行深入探讨.在西方历史中,民族主义与现代化是一种正相关关系,但中东民族主义作为第三世界民族主义,它与现代化的关系则要复杂得多.一方面,中东民族主义对现代化具有极大的促进作用;另一方面,中东民族主义在现代化进程中面临着种种困境.而全球化进程又从理论与现实两方面削弱了中东民族主义的权力基础.文章认为,在当前,中东民族主义已逐渐由一种具有历史进步意义的革命力量,转变为一种落伍、保守的力量;惟有超越民族主义,才能实现中东富国强民的梦想.     

中东民族主义在阿拉伯现代文学中的表现

20世纪的阿拉伯世界出现了民族主义、社会主义和伊斯兰原教旨主义等各种民族主义思潮。而阿拉伯现代文学为这种思想的传播与发展提供了有效的途径和载体。民族主义倾向的文学作品唤醒了阿拉伯民众的民族意识,从而有力地推动了阿拉伯各国争取独立、自由的民族解放运动。阿拉伯现     

民族主义视角下的苏丹南北内战

苏丹南北内战是北方的阿拉伯主义和南方的非洲主义之间的冲突。其原因在于苏丹国家民族主义意识成长不足及国家领导人试图同化苏丹南方黑人的阿拉伯化和伊斯兰化政策。该问题的最终解决取决于苏丹国家现代化的发展及当权者的民族平等政策。     

全球化和地区民族主义:双向运动的内在联系

本文从全球化和欧洲一体化的角度分析和探讨了地区民族主义的兴起及其表现与特征、地区民族主义的历史渊源、地区民族主义与全球化进程之间的内在联系 ,以及地区民族主义和国家政治变革的关系。文章指出 ,全球化和一体化带来的进入世界市场的新机遇以及对传统民族国家主权的侵蚀 ,为地区民族主义的复兴提供了新的空间。诉求在一个新的全球化世界的认同和地位的地区民族主义 ,不仅在事实上促进了国家内部政治体制的变革 ,并且说明随着全球化的深入 ,民族主义运动的内容、形式和空间范围都发生变化 ,这些变化已经并且还将对国际和国内两个层面的政治理论和政治实践发生深刻持久的影响。     

对中东民族主义的多维思考

中东民族主义在塑造中东的政治、经济、文化格局过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。本文就这一政治力量在中东国家所涉及到的一些重要问题———从革命到建设的角色转换问题、政治制度化与政治合法性的重建问题、文化认同与文化整合问题、民族主义与现代化的关系问题、中东民族主义与外部世界的关系问题———进行了阐述。文章认为 ,能否很好地处理、解决这些问题 ,直接关系到中东国家的政治前途和未来命运。     

Realizing Civilization through Patrilineal Descent: The Intellectual Making of an African Racial Nationalism in Tanzania, 1920–501

The emergence of an African racial nationalism in Tanzania was as much an intellectual re-articulation of basic categories of identity as it was a response to the racial inequities of coastal East African society and European colonial rule. This article explores the intellectual agency of African thinkers who operated within structures of thought that understood civilization as something diffused from outside of Africa—either in the form of Swahili Islamic culture or the European civilizing mission. Writers and poets within Tanzania between the 1920s and 1940s came to assert an African racial identity by inverting the norms of Swahili society that valorized patrilineal descent from the Middle East. Instead, they argued that Africans can only become civilized and realize their nation/race by honouring male ancestors from inside the continent. In practice this meant that African writers demanded to exercise greater control over the sexual behaviour of African women, whose fidelity to racial purity, they alleged, was critical for Africans to realize civilization and political advancement. In the process of these debates, African writers working within the idiom of descent retooled the intellectual building blocks that would support the African nationalist movement in Tanzania during the 1950s and after.     

Devout Muslims or tough highlanders? Exploring attitudes toward ethnic nationalism and racism in Europe’s ethnic-Chechen Salafi communities

This is the first article that systematically deconstructs the idealised, widely shared view and formal self-representation of Salafis as a de-culturalised group of Muslim believers who are solely devoted to the idea of a uniform Muslim identity and are indifferent to the notions of ethnic nationalism and racism. Drawing on unique interviews with EU-based ethnic-Chechen émigré Salafis, the article illuminates the ways they draw boundaries and consequently construe their ethnic and racial identities as superior and opposed to Muslims stemming from the Middle East and Central Asia. Below the surface of coherent ideologically shaped self-representations, the diaspora Salafis’ identities reflect the idea of Chechnya’s mountainous topography being conducive to a superior ‘national mentality’, racial purity, and cultural uniqueness. Intriguingly, the diaspora-Chechen Salafis’ attitudes toward Middle Easterners and Central Asians employ a rhetoric which entails similarities with the notion of imagined geographies and to some extent resembles Western Orientalist discourse. In stark contrast to leading Salafi scholars’ statements emphasising a united Muslim identity, which are routinely echoed by outsiders, this article points out the maintenance of strong ethnic-nationalist and racist resentments amongst individual members of this religious community.     

中东政局动荡及对中国的影响因素

中东乱局,使得类似中国这样的发展中国家所谓的“世界加工厂”未来地位的受损不可低估。但无论今后中东出现什么样的政府,预计都不会改变目前奉行的对华友好政策。中国与中东国家、阿拉伯国家、伊斯兰国家无战争交恶历史及殖民主义统治历史,中国是其值得信赖的、负责任的国家。中国在中东投资的决心不会变,中国“走出去”已经势不可当。中国正...     

南奥塞梯冲突及其对中东政局的影响

南奥塞梯冲突具有深刻的历史根源,并且与地缘政治和大国关系产生某种互动。从地缘政治角度看,南奥冲突的冲击波势必影响到中东地区,可能产生一种外溢效应,引发中东地区的国家认同危机;或者导致奥巴马时代欧美中东政策的趋同,并且引发中东地缘政治势力板块松动,增加中东局势的复杂性和不确定性。     

宗教民族主义探析

宗教民族主义已成为世界政治舞台上的重要现象.本文首先介绍迄今学界主要研究成果,然后探析"宗教"和"民族主义"如何交融连接形成"宗教民族主义",并简述了宗教民族主义与宗教运动和世俗民族主义运动的不同.本文认为,作为一种社会政治现象,宗教民族主义不可还原为纯粹的宗教思想和运动或世俗民族主义;宗教民族主义的成因不是先验的或纯精神性的,而是情境性的;不存在普世单一、固定不变的宗教民族主义.     

What They Really Want Is a Caliphate! British Salafi Reactions to the Arab Spring

This contribution discusses the lack of references to the success of Salafi parties in the Middle East after the Arab Spring, in Egypt especially, by groups who self-identify as Salafi outside the Middle East. In their interpretation of the uprisings known as the Arab Spring, British Salafis have emphasised that Arab Muslim populations in the Middle East want an Islamic Caliphate despite cries for liberal rights and democracy. The aim of this contribution is to provide a theoretical frame for analysing a type of European Salafism on the rise preoccupied with establishing “Sharia Zones” and controlling fellow Muslims’ observance of Islamic principles in British cities but with little interest in political developments in Muslim majority countries. Rather than working for political influence, the British so-called Salafis in al-Muhajiroun are preoccupied with defining a place of their own in their European context. Thus, the argument is that in order to understand current Salafi-inspired movements in the Middle East and Europe, it is necessary to analyse practice, rhetorical expressions and political context rather than how various groups self-identify.     

Post-imperial democracies and new projects of nationhood in Eurasia: transforming the nation through migration in Russia and Turkey

This article argues that Russia and Turkey radically reframed their projects of nation-building around the turn of the twenty-first century, and the migration patterns between the Caucasus, Central Asia, Middle East, Russia, and Turkey reinforce these new projects of nationhood, aimed at reshaping society and building a new collective identity. By focusing on the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, most studies of nationalism and nation-building overlook the decisive transformations nation-building projects have been going through, particularly in Eurasia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. There is an observable and major change in the definition of the nation not just in post-Soviet Central Asia and the Caucasus where it is somewhat less surprising but also in Russia and even in Turkey which was not part of the Soviet Union. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Russia and Turkey embarked on different nation-building projects. This article argues that despite, or perhaps because of, the stark differences in the policies adopted by various states in post-Soviet Eurasia, the patterns of emigration and immigration reinforced the new nation-building projects underway in Russia and Turkey.     

欧洲一体化:区域民族主义与国家民族主义的交织

2009年《里斯本条约》生效,标志着欧洲一体化取得了重大进展。但欧洲一体化一直伴随着区域民族主义和国家民族主义的交织:区域民族主义整合了欧洲民众的趋同意识,是推动欧洲一体化向广度和深度发展的源动力;而欧洲各国的民族主义则侧重于排异,是一体化进程中的制动机制,在阻碍欧洲一体化发展的同时,也在客观上制约着欧洲一体化的非理性发展,避免一体化走向狂热与盲目。在区域民族主义和国家民族主义交织下,欧洲一体化于徘徊中前进,于坎坷中发展。