树立公平正义观消除社会极端情绪

公平正义是人类社会的共同追求和理想,它影响社会情绪的选择.权利公平、机会公平、规则公平的缺失,是社会极端情绪蔓延以致造成极端事件频发的重要原因.要通过建立保障社会公平正义的制度、创造公平正义的利益分配机制、完善社会保障体系,让社会极端情绪在公平正义中消除.     

农村法制建设公平正义目标的实现途径

公平正义始终被视为人类社会最基本的理想追求和价值目标,是社会的主流价值观,也是作为社会基本制度的法律制度所追求的核心价值,法制建设的目的就是要实现法的价值.因此公平正义必然成为社会制度建设子系统的农村法制建设的核心价值和实现目标.我国长期存在的城乡二元结构,不仅造成了城乡贫富差距,也造成了城乡居民社会地位无论形式上和实质上都存在不对等的社会现实,与其他社会主体相比,农村主体尤其是农民在权利平等方面有所缺失.制度是社会公平正义的根本保证,因此在农村法制建设中绝不能将法制建设的平等原则简单地加以重复和适用,而应当通过健全完善的相对独立的农村法律制度体系;实现利益反哺,树立利益补偿理念;实现差别对待,立法向农民农村适当倾斜;完善立法程序,畅通农民立法参与途径,使农村法制建设的公平正义目标得到实现.     

马克思主义视域中的中国特色社会主义公平正义实践与反思

公平正义作为调节和规范人类社会生活、利益关系的核心原则,自古以来,就是人类社会奋斗追求的一个价值目标。马克思从现实的社会生产关系出发批判了资本主义社会抽象的公平正义观并阐释了共产主义公平正义理想。公平正义既是社会主义的本质要求,也是马克思主义政党的基本价值诉求。公平与正义问题在今天的中国社会是一个值得关注的聚焦点,是政治制度的合理性诉求、社会各阶层的和谐性诉求的实践呈现。以改革创新精神推进社会公平正义,是推动社会可持续发展和体制机制变革的正向能量。     

社会主义和谐社会的政治价值

社会主义和谐社会包涵着自由、平等、公平、正义等方面的政治价值。构建社会主义和谐社会,必须加强民主法治建设,保障公民的自由和平等;科学把握效率与公平的关系,切实维护公平与正义;协调各种利益关系,及时化解新形势下的人民内部矛盾,维护和保持社会的稳定,才能实现社会主义和谐社会的政治价值。     

甘肃民族地区和谐社会构建的难点与对策分析(之四)——社会公平问题的实现

追求公平正义是实现社会和谐的前提,没有公平正义就不可能有和谐.甘肃民族地区也不例外.本文主要从伦理学的角度,探讨甘肃民族地区与甘肃其它地区相比,在实现社会公平当中存在的主要问题,并提出改进的思路.     

内涵、价值、进路:简论制度公正及其可能

"推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化",其实质是推进中国社会主义制度体系和制度执行能力的现代化。制度的首要德性在于公正性,公正的制度能有效规约人们的交往行为,激励人们以合理方式获取利益,影响人们的价值追求和思想观念。制度公正是社会公正的基础和保障,其实践意义在于构建各方面均衡的利益关系,促进人的全面发展。现阶段,实现制度公正要坚持以人为本,满足人们的需要和利益追求;要构建法治社会,增强人们的社会认同感;要促进阶层流动,构建公平正义、充满创造活力的和谐社会。     

政府与市场:效率维度和公平维度

效率和公平是判断政府与市场孰优孰劣的一个根本标准,在传统观点中政府追求公平,而市场追求效率,实现效率和公平的统一要求政府与市场二者关系的有机结合。随着实践的深化和相关理论的发展,人们逐渐认识到效率与公平的不可分割性已经逐渐融入到政府与市场两个不同的领域,政府干预必须将寻求社会公正与实现政府机构自身效率目标结合起来,市场配置资源必须将市场经济效率和市场环境公平结合起来,这两个目标的实现依赖政府与市场两种力量的有机融合。     

当代中国社会公平思想的传统文化基础探析

在中国传统文化的社会理想之中,社会公平的价值追求是其精神内核,体现了中国传统文化的重要价值取向.当今中国社会公平理想是一个十分庞杂的体系,既有社会主义公平正义核心价值内核,也有传统社会公平思想观念的"遗存".当代中国社会公平思想是对中国传统社会理想的提升和转化,要以传统伦理价值为底蕴和支撑,实现对传统社会公平文化心理的接续和超越.     

论行政管理社会公平的价值取向

行政管理的价值取向是必须要明确的问题.社会主义国家行政管理的性质决定了社会公平的价值取向;实现社会公平是历代进步思想家和劳动人民的不懈追求;行政管理的发展决定了必须选择社会公平的价值取向.     

和而不同--和谐社会之和谐

和谐社会之和谐是和而不同.从宇观视角观之,和谐是多样性事物的统一,是人、社会、自然各种要素和关系相互协调、有机统一的状态,这是人类正确处理人与自然、人与人、人与社会关系的理性选择.从社会视角观之,和谐是差异性事物的统一,是各种社会关系和社会矛盾的协调统一,这是我们正确处理社会主义初级阶段社会主要矛盾的理性选择.从社会主义价值取向观之,和谐是公平与效率的统一,社会主义既追求效率又追求公平,公平与效率是社会主义的两大基本价值.从社会主义的本质特征观之,和谐是民主与法治的统一,民主是社会主义的本质要求和基本特征之一,法治是社会主义民主的体现和保障,两者是内在统一的.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.