Reconciling the Economics of Social Equity and Environmental Sustainability

Poverty cannot be ended by overall economic growth for two reasons. First, growth is becoming increasingly uneconomic, especially in affluent countries. That is, the costs of growth now approximate or exceed its benefits. Second, poverty is partly a relative matter, and growth cannot help this. The costs of reducing poverty should be taken from rents collected on the contributions of nature, which should be the common property of all.     

Ecological Economic Policy for Sustainable Development: Potentials and Domains of Intervention for Delinking Approaches

Due to the increasing environmental problems, conventional environmental policy will not suffice to secure a development path that can be sustainable on a global scale. This article establishes a conceptual framework for general strategies to reach the goals of ecological sustainability and individual well-being. Environmental impact, material input, income/production, the amount of services utilised, and well-being are the fundamental elements of this framework and their linkages are highlighted as possible targets of ecological economic policy. It is clear that current environmental policies, based on a rather narrow, reductionist view of the man-nature relationship, will not suffice. We investigate under which conditions a de-linking of individual well-being from environmental impacts can be achieved; a dramatic dematerialisation of the industrialised economies turns out to be a crucial element. This dematerialisation, we argue, can be achieved only putting a limit to quantitative economic growth, but nevertheless without decreasing the individual well-being, by concentrating the attention on highly valuable eco-efficient services rather than on the production/acquisition of material goods.     

人口、资源与环境经济学的经济学分析视角探析

人口、资源与环境经济学是20世纪90年代中后期发展起来的理论经济学分支学科,自出现以来,发展非常迅速。然而由于多种原因,目前在本学科发展中还存在很多问题,主要体现在一些关于人口、资源与环境经济学的基本问题,包括研究对象、研究方法、基础理论、学科性质、研究内容等都没有形成共识,尤其是作为理论经济学的分支,目前本学科的发展缺乏经济学的范式,也未能得到主流经济学学界的重视和积极参与。这些问题的存在,影响了该学科的顺利发展。在对人口、资源与环境经济学发展中的主要问题进行分析的基础上,从经济学的视角对本学科研究对象进行定义,探讨如何将经济学中的外部性、经济人、效用人等基本理论应用于人口、资源与环境经济学中。     

Poverty and Agricultural Policies: We Ain't Winnin' Because the Old Dominant Idea Has a Way of Reasserting Itself

Soil fertility has been the basis of all past civilizations. The current agricultural system supplements declining soil fertility with petroleum, which is being rapidly depleted. This system reflects the deeply entrenched Baconian-Cartesian mindset. It impoverishes farmers and damages their health, while enriching agribusiness. It is an economic failure, surviving only on massive government subsidies. An evolutionary-ecological worldview can direct us to sustainable agriculture capable of providing adequate resources for all.     

基于生态足迹的生态盈亏平衡分析——以辽宁省长海县为例

生态足迹方法是一种度量可持续发展程度的指标,通过估算维持人类的自然资源消费和同化人类产生的废弃物所需要的生物生产性面积即生态足迹的大小,并与给定区域的生态承载力进行生态盈亏平衡分析,来衡量研究区域的可持续发展状况。生态足迹方法从人类需求占用角度为评估区域可持续发展状态提供了较好的测量方法。当一个地区的生态承载力小于生态足迹时,出现生态赤字,生态赤字表明该地区生态安全受到胁迫;当生态承载力大于生态足迹时,则产生生态盈余,此时认为该地区生态系统是安全的,人类的发展处于可持续状态。可见生态盈亏平衡分析可以为地区可持续发展提供生态预警作用。     

城市贫困女性权益缺失的制度经济学分析

以国企下岗女工为主体,结合多方面的数据资料以及我国市场经济转轨时期的特殊情况,从劳动力市场、社会网络、社会保障三个方面考察这一群体的权益缺失,并进一步运用新制度经济学的相关理论阐述这些权益的缺失是如何导致她们最终陷入贫困的。对城市贫困女性的忽视会导致对我国家庭稳定与经济发展的危害,应该得到应有的关注。     

宁夏人口与生态环境面临的问题及对策

宁夏是少数民族地区,较为宽松的生育政策。导致人口快速增殖。由于宁夏所处的地理位置和历史遗留的生态债务使得境内生态环境十分脆弱。尤其是人口过度增殖已超出了刚性土地资源的有效容纳力。这不仅给环境造成了巨大压力,也进一步加剧了生态环境的恶化。本文通过大量统计数据和实地调研。分析了近年来宁夏人口与生态环境之间存在的亟待解决的矛盾和问题。分析表明,当前宁夏尤其是宁南山区人口数量与人口素质、人口数量与生态存量和生态消费之间表现出了明显的此长彼消的关系。在分析的基础上．提出了人口与生态环境建设方面的政策建议。     

A Different Perspective on Poverty in Lao PDR: Multidimensional Poverty in Lao PDR for the Years 2002/2003 and 2007/2008

This paper presents an indicator for measuring multidimensional poverty in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic applying the Alkire–Foster methodology to the Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2002/2003 and 2007/2008. We calculated a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) that includes three dimensions: education, health, and standard of living. Making use of the MPI’s decomposability, we analyse how much each of the different dimensions and its respective indicators contribute to the overall MPI. We find a marked reduction in the multidimensional poverty headcount ratio over the study period, regardless of how the indicators are weighted or how the deprivation and poverty cut-offs are set. This reduction is based on improvements regarding all indicators except cooking fuel and nutrition. We observe no significant reduction in the intensity of poverty, however; there are wide disparities between the country’s regions and between urban and rural areas. The proportion of poor people in rural areas is more than twice as high as that in urban areas. By complementing the traditional income-based poverty measure, we hope to provide useful information that can support knowledge-based decision-making for poverty alleviation.     

城市化进程中移民贫困问题与财政压力估算

本文依据中央和地方政府部门的统计数据和人口迁移的福利磁力理论,对广东省范围内所可能产生的移民贫困和财政压力问题进行了估算。估算结果表明:部分地区由于区域隔离机制放开、贫困移民增多所加重的财政压力,尽管可以通过中央财政的转移支付予以解决,但这项政策安排的巨大财政成本,使它在现阶段并不具备足够的可行性。     

宁夏生态移民与城镇化发展研究

通过生态移民来促进小城镇发展是对宁夏地区城镇化的一种有益探索。宁夏地区要提高城镇化水平,就必须统筹考虑生态移民走城镇化道路的问题,这是宁夏解决南部山区贫困问题、推动城乡协调发展、人口与自然和谐发展的突破口。同时,也是生态移民开发模式的重要选择。     

试论人口对生态平衡的影响

从人口数量和人口素质两个方面分析了人口对生态平衡的影响。指出：维护生态平衡,必须坚定不移地坚持计划生育的基本国策,努力控制人口增长,提高人口素质。     

The Economic Perspective of Food Poverty and (In)security: An Analytical Approach to Measuring and Estimation in Italy

Social Indicators Research - The UN Sustainable Development Goals have set clear targets on global poverty, hunger and malnutrition to be achieved by 2030, which have prompted academics and...     

从历史经济学角度分析俄罗斯远东地区的中国移民

俄罗斯远东地区的中国移民历史上就有先例 ,最近 2 0年移民新浪潮就像一百年前一样 ,具有经济特征 ,而不像西方舆论说得那样 ,有什么政治企图。从历史经济学角度分析这个问题 ,用政治行政手段规范调节移民政策 ,有利于推动俄罗斯远东地区的经济发展 ,有利于亚洲太平洋地区经济一体化。     

基子人与社会生态环境动态匹配的大学生就业研究

大学生就业难。而我国中西部地区却急需大量的大学生。造成这种两难局面的很重要原因是对就业环境认识不充分造成的。本文通过就业环境对大学生就业影响和大学生就业新现象的分析。建立人与社会生态环境动态匹配的大学生就业模型。目的是促进大学生科学就业和区域经济平衡发展,从而缓解现阶段出现的大学生就业难与中西部地区人才紧缺的矛盾。     

生态足迹模型回顾与研究进展

生态足迹模型是一种测度和比较人类经济系统对自然生态系统服务的需求与其生态承载力之间差距的测量方法。运用该模型可以定量地评估区域生态经济系统与人口数量之间是否协调发展,是可持续发展研究定量化的一个十分重要的方面。生态足迹概念自提出以来,被广泛应用于各国(区域)环境、经济和社会发展等诸多领域。由于生态足迹概念和模型提出与发展的时间较短,因此,该模型的研究还存在一些不足,如模型静态性问题、生产力状况与土地合理利用等。在有关国际机构、政府部门、非政府组织和相关研究机构的广泛关注和参与下,其相关理论和研究方法正在不断完善,其应用范围也将不断扩大。     

东北老工业基地生态经济建设面临的问题与对策

党中央国务院关于振兴东北等老工业基地战略决策的推出,给东北三省带来了新的发展机遇。如何把经济发展和环境保护结合起来,走生态经济之路,是摆在我们东北人面前的重大课题。我们应当面对东北的发展现状,对存在的问题进行深刻的思考和综合分析,从而找出东北加快生态经济建设的对策措施。     

Above and Below the Water: Social/Ecological Transformation in Northwest Newfoundland

Marine fisheries and fishing societies develop around the resources provided by a particular ecosystem. As they exploit these resources, fisheries transform the ecosystem, which pushes fishery and society to adapt in turn. This process is illustrated by fisheries, ecological and social data tracking dramatic changes on Newfoundland's Northern Peninsula and its adjacent marine ecosystem, the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. There a longstanding fishery for cod and other groundfish collapsed in the 1990s, and was replaced by fisheries targeting invertebrates. The new invertebrate fisheries have different socioeconomic characteristics than the former groundfish fisheries. The shift in target species reflects deep ecological changes that were underway at least a decade before official recognition of the crisis. Our analysis of biological data reveals that the main ecological changes occurred during the glory years of the 1980s, when Newfoundland's domestic fisheries were at their peak. Overfishing and interactions with adverse climatic conditions drove the changes. As the ecosystem transformed, human population declined due to outmigration, and social indicators show signs of distress. Accounts by outport residents paint a generational picture of social change.     

Above and Below the Water: Social/Ecological Transformation in Northwest Newfoundland

Marine fisheries and fishing societies develop around the resources provided by a particular ecosystem. As they exploit these resources, fisheries transform the ecosystem, which pushes fishery and society to adapt in turn. This process is illustrated by fisheries, ecological and social data tracking dramatic changes on Newfoundland's Northern Peninsula and its adjacent marine ecosystem, the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. There a longstanding fishery for cod and other groundfish collapsed in the 1990s, and was replaced by fisheries targeting invertebrates. The new invertebrate fisheries have different socioeconomic characteristics than the former groundfish fisheries. The shift in target species reflects deep ecological changes that were underway at least a decade before official recognition of the crisis. Our analysis of biological data reveals that the main ecological changes occurred during the glory years of the 1980s, when Newfoundland's domestic fisheries were at their peak. Overfishing and interactions with adverse climatic conditions drove the changes. As the ecosystem transformed, human population declined due to outmigration, and social indicators show signs of distress. Accounts by outport residents paint a generational picture of social change.     

人口增长必须与物质资料环境和自然生态环境相适应

从环境层级关系分析,人类发展是由物质资料环境和自然生态环境决定的,但人类对物质资料环境和自然生态环境有反作用.当人类完全属于自然生态环境中食物链的一部分时,人类社会与自然生态环境是完全处于自然生态平衡之中;当人类智力得到发展后,人类通过反作用于自然生态环境,创造出物质资料环境时,并且受到科学技术发展片面性的限制,人类社会将破坏自然生态环境,并危及人类自身;当人类自身生产得到控制,科学技术整体化后,自然生态环境得到保护,人类社会与物质资料环境和自然生态环境将和谐共存、协调发展.     

沙漠化地区乡村社区生态移民影响因子与预测模型研究

本文讨论了民勤湖区生态移民的影响因子,认为水资源因子和收入因子是该地区发生移民的决定性因子,并且计算出了移民数量的预测模型。得出今后五年内该地区自发式移民数量为14236人,据此提出三点建议。