影响朝鲜族生育水平的因素分析

中国朝鲜族育龄妇女的生育水平迅速下降,其影响因素是多方面的。因子分析的结果表明,计划生育政策 和经济社会发展对朝鲜族生育水平的下降起了一定的作用,但是,朝鲜族独特的传统文化起了决定性的作用。     

延边朝鲜族妇女生育意愿的影响因素分析

延边朝鲜族育龄妇女的生育意愿的影响因素主要在三个方面,即传统文化因素、育龄妇女自身因素和社会经济因素。抽样调查数据分析的结果表明,育龄妇女自身因素和经济社会发展在一定程度上影响了朝鲜族的生育意愿,但是,朝鲜族独特的传统文化起了决定性的作用。     

人口迁移对延边朝鲜族育龄妇女生育行为差异的影响程度分析

利用2011年国家人口计生委流动人口及其影响因素监测调查数据,通过比较农村未迁出朝鲜族育龄妇女、城市未迁出朝鲜族育龄妇女和迁出的朝鲜族育龄妇女三个人口群体在生育行为上的差异,考察人口迁移对朝鲜族妇女生育行为的影响。结果显示,几种类型的朝鲜族育龄妇女生育行为存在一定的差异,流动迁移对朝鲜族育龄妇女是否选择生育的生育行为有显著影响,但对朝鲜族育龄妇女选择生育二胎的生育行为影响不完全显著。     

中国朝鲜族人口现代化的成就与经验

朝鲜族在人口现代化方面取得的成就 ,不仅为中国 56个民族之冠 ,在有的重要指标上还达到了世界发达国家水平。这表明 ,朝鲜族已走上了“人口—教育—经济—社会”良性发展的轨道。朝鲜族的主要经验是 :“教育兴族 ,教育优先” ,“超前发展计划生育” ,特别强调保持和发扬本民族的优良传统与倡导现代生育观念     

可持续发展与少数民族地区的计划生育政策--吉林延边朝鲜族与新疆维吾尔自治区少数民族低生育率比较研究

本文从计划生育的基本国策和2000年3月2日中共中央国务院颁布的《关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定》(简称《决定》)出发,通过对我国人口生育水平的时间和空间分析,提出稳定低生育水平的工作难点关键是在少数民族地区。并以吉林延边朝鲜族和新疆少数民族生育水平为例,进行了比较研究,得出结论:对少数民族的计划生育优惠政策实际上是“好心照顾他,反到害了他”,只有降低生育率才更有利于少数民族地区的可持续发展。     

中国蒙古族的生育模式及其影响因素分析

本文利用全国第四次人口普查资料民族人口的原始数据,通过民族生育水平分类,对中国蒙古族的生育模式作了比较与评价。１９８１～１９８９年８年间．蒙古族育龄妇女生育率下降速度超过全国平均水平,进入了人口稳定增长的阶段。在影响生育率水平的诸多因素中,育龄妇女文化素质的提高、妇女职业构成中科技人员和干部的比重增加以及较好的医疗卫生条件对生育率的降低起着重要作用。     

日本生育水平变化分析

日本作为少子老龄化最典型的国家其生育水平的变化非常具有代表性。本文使用"寇尔生育指数模型"分析二战以后日本生育水平的变化,探讨其未来的发展变化趋势。二战后,1947年日本总和生育率达到最高值4.54;之后生育水平不断下降,2005年达到最低值1.26;近年来日本生育水平缓慢提高,2014年总和生育率回升到1.42。日本生育水平下降的主要原因是婚内生育率下降及结婚率的降低。婚内生育率不断下降是由于生育观念转变导致的婚内生育意愿下降造成的,生育不再以传宗接代为目的,也不再是妻子必须履行的义务。结婚率的降低则是因为越来越多的女性参加工作,不愿过早结婚生子。婚内生育率与结婚率变化在生育水平下降的不同阶段表现不同,早期婚内生育率下降是导致总和生育率下降的主要原因,而结婚率的变化仅起到辅助作用;中期结婚率的下降成为总和生育率持续下降的主要诱因,而婚内生育率水平则保持相对稳定的水平。进入21世纪以来,日本生育水平有所回升的主要原因是婚内生育水平缓慢提高,结婚率下降对生育水平的消极作用也几乎释放完毕。未来日本在结婚率保持相对稳定的情况下,要想进一步提高总和生育水平就必须提高婚内生育率。政府必须在降低育儿成本、提高生育家庭的补助等方面制定相关政策,引导家庭多生育子女。     

族际通婚对生育水平的影响:来自内蒙古的验证

新型生育文化及观念在蒙古族居民中已经形成,即使在少数民族地区优惠的生育政策下,蒙古族总和生育率也已经低于汉族和全国平均水平。为了更好地找出这一事实的原因,本文着眼于民族特征和跨族通婚,利用有序Logit Model对蒙古族居民的生育数量、存活数量、男孩数量、女孩数量的影响因素进行估计,发现蒙语表达能力的影响非常不明显,但是蒙语书写能力的作用比较明显。此外,民族特征和通婚特征对生育数量和存活数量的影响明显高于对生育性别的影响程度,对生育男孩的影响高于对生育女孩的影响。蒙古族生育出现持续递减的趋势,对稳定蒙古族生育水平提出了新的要求。     

90年代河北省妇女生育模式研究

经过20余年的计划生育工作,河北省妇女生育水平有了大幅度下降,人口增长率也降到了较低水平,从而导致了生育模式的较大变化。生育模式的变化,不仅在某种程度上反映着生育水平的变化,而且对未来生育水平走向也起着重要作用。只有生育模式由以宽峰、高峰为主要特征的传统型模式过渡到以窄峰、低峰为主要特     

黑龙江省朝鲜族人口状况浅析

朝鲜族迁入黑龙江省的历史已近80年,1898年中长铁路修通后,开始从朝鲜经由辽宁和吉林省等地陆续迁入黑龙江省。尔后不久,居住在吉林省延边自治州的朝鲜族到宁安县居住。自1910年日本侵入朝鲜之后,大批的朝鲜族迁入黑龙江省。     

"发展-计划生育-生育率"的动态关系:中国省级数据再考察

顾宝昌在1987年利用省级数据考察了中国的生育率,通过路径分析得出社会经济发展和计划生育对中国生育率都有重要的直接影响的结论.李建民在2004年分析了我国低生育率的经济环境,提出1990年代我国生育率的下降应该主要是社会和经济发展的结果.基于这些结论或假设,本文利用中国省级数据,再次考察"发展-计划生育-生育率"关系,结果表明在过去30年里,计划生育的作用在下降,而社会经济发展的作用在增强.1970年代计划生育的作用是主导,1980年代计划生育与社会经济发展二者的作用基本达到了平衡,而1990年代社会经济发展的作用成为主导."发展-计划生育-生育率"关系呈献出一种动态平衡.     

Japan’s changing fertility mechanisms and its policy responses

This paper discusses Japan’s decline in fertility over the past 50 years. The change in Japan’s postwar fertility is analysed using formal demographic tools such as parity progression ratios and decomposition methods. The analytical results show that before the oil crisis of 1973, the reduction in marital fertility played a dominant role, while the delayed timing of marriage has been a principal factor since the mid-1970s. The delayed timing of first and second births has also played a relatively important role in determining actual fertility levels in the 1990s. The paper examines various socio-economic factors contributing to these demographic shifts over time in postwar Japan. A number of policies and programs implemented over the past decade by the Japanese government to boost fertility are briefly described, together with their limitations.     

Natural population decrease in Iowa counties

As a follow-up on the studies by Dorn and Beale, this paper examines differences between Iowa counties with natural decrease and those with natural increase and analyzes the part that migration and fertility played in bringing about an excess of deaths over births in Iowa counties. The county groups are distinctly different in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Out-migration as a mode of response adopted by the rural population in Iowa is by far the most dominant factor leading to natural decrease. Sustained net out-migration is more likely to touch off natural decrease in counties of comparatively low fertility than in those with higher fertility. Low fertility is, therefore, a contributing factor to the imbalance between births and deaths, but the amount of influence of fertility adjustment over the fertility differentials among county groups cannot be ascertained in this study because of the correlation between fertility and Catholic Church membership in counties. The data of this study were obtained from the population censuses and vital statistics.     

Cohort Effects or Period Effects? Fertility Decline in South Korea in the Twentieth Century

This study examines if the Korean fertility decline is driven by long-term cohort changes or by fluctuating period changes. By using a classic age–period–cohort model, a moment decomposition method, and a new summary fertility measure—‘cross-sectional average fertility’—I show that the Korean fertility decline is primarily driven by period changes and that delayed childbearing has important consequences for the onset of fertility decline. These findings are in line with the existing literature in fertility changes such as theories of fertility transitions and sociological accounts of fertility changes in Western countries in the twentieth century. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed.     

Deliberate birth spacing before the fertility transition in Europe: evidence from nineteenth-century Belgium

Many scholars have argued that deliberate birth spacing may have played a role before and during the modern fertility transition. There are good historical and theoretical reasons for this view, but it has proved to be hard to demonstrate convincingly that birth intervals were in fact partly determined by attempts at deliberate fertility control. This paper suggests a method of securing evidence on the issue for married couples. The method is applied to three cohorts living in a Belgian town in the nineteenth century. The findings indicate that, even before the fertility transition, couples in the working class were controlling their fertility by deliberate spacing.     

China's Below‐Replacement Fertility: Government Policy or Socioeconomic Development?

The article challenges the notion that below-replacement fertility and its local variation in China are primarily attributable to the government's birth planning policy. Data from the 2000 census and provincial statistical yearbooks are used to compare fertility in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, two of the most developed provinces in China, to examine the relationship between socioeconomic development and low fertility. The article demonstrates that although low fertility in China was achieved under the government's restrictive one-child policy, structural changes brought about by socioeconomic development and ideational shifts accompanying the new wave of globalization played a key role in China's fertility reduction.     

The roles of individuals' socioeconomic characteristics and the government family planning program in China's fertility decline

This paper explores answers to the following two questions: first, did individuals' socioeconomic characteristics play any role in the rapid fertility decline that occurred in China during the 1970's? Secondly, if the rapid fertility decline during the 1970s is mostly a result of the government policy, as many have perceived, to what extent was the government policy effective? Using the 1982 Chinese 1/1000 fertility survey data for Hebei province of China, this paper examines variation in fertility among women of two age cohorts by linking their fertility outcome with their socioeconomic background and earlier reproductive experiences. In addition, this paper assesses the effect of government policy by comparing the determinants of fertility outcome between two cohorts of women and by studying the factors affecting their current contraceptive use. The findings reveal that the individual's socioeconomic background was important in explaining earlier fertility variation. Government policy, although powerful enough to override most of the effect of socioeconomic factors on fertility, was not able to eliminate differences in contraceptive behavior among Chinese women.     

对解放后我国居民生育意愿变化情况的历史考察

生育意愿是人口学和社会学领域的一个重要研究话题,其转变受社会经济发展水平的影响,是生育率下降和人口转变的前提条件。本文运用历史考察和文献分析的方法。主要从生育目的、意愿生育子女数和恚愚生育性别三个雏度来探讨我国居民生育意愿的变化情况,摸索其中的变化规律,进而提出国家和政府应针对不同地区和不同人群。制定相应的、灵活而更具可操作性的计划生育政策,使生育政策在调节生育率水平的同时兼顾人们的生育意愿。     

Empirical analysis of the contribution of age composition to population growth

The method of decomposition is applied to rates of natural increase in order to elucidate the role played by age composition in the growth of populations. A population’s age distribution and fertility schedule are contrasted to those in a "stationary" population having the same mortality rates and having a fertility schedule equal to that of the observed population divided by its net reproduction rate. In this manner it is shown that about one-quarter to one-third of the growth of most current high-growth populations can be attributed to non-stationarity of their age distributions. This fraction will rise, as it has in most industrialized countries, if fertility is reduced and age distributions become middle-heavy. In projections of the 1963 Venezuelan female population with fertility rates declining by 20/0 and 1% annually, more than half of the growth (in numbers) that occurs prior to zero-growth attainment is contributed by non-stationarity of its intervening age distributions.