考虑保险缓释条件的我国商业银行操作风险度量

巴塞尔新资本协议(2004)规定,在使用高级度量法(AMA)度量操作风险最低资本金时,银行可以考虑操作风险保险缓释效应.本文将保险合同纳入极值理论度量我国商业银行操作风险,考虑了银行投保后面临的新风险,如还款不确定性,交易对手风险等.通过实证分析,得出保险对我国商业银行操作风险损失的缓释作用.     

公司投资对股票收益的影响研究

本文分析上市公司投资对股票收益的影响,根据行为金融理论和风险定价理论提出对照假设,应用排序组合法和截面回归法实证发现:投资水平高(低)的上市公司后期股票收益低(高)于前期;投资与股票收益的关系动态变化,高投资公司前期的股票收益高于低投资公司,后期则相反,表明投资者对公司投资过度反应;投资扩张后,股票收益不一定下降,而且控制投资因素后股票收益与盈利、账面市值比、贝塔没有显著正相关,结果不支持风险定价理论。投资效应的原因是当前国际学术界的热点问题,本文为此提供了中国经验证据。表明中国投资者的非理性行为导致了投资效应,新兴加转轨的中国资本市场没有达到有效市场的要求,这为加强金融监管和投资者教育提供政策参考。     

商业银行操作风险的度量与管理

操作风险作为一个涵盖多种风险的集合概念,具有与其他风险不同的特点。但由于对它的认识尚处于初步阶段,商业银行对操作风险的度量和管理仍处于探索之中。目前实践中基本认同的管理机制有两种:健全的内部控制制度、独立的审计核查制度及科学的管理是基础手段;以度量法为基础的经济资本是重要的补偿机制。这些为我国银行管理操作风险提供了借鉴。     

基于贝叶斯MCMC的POT模型——低频高损的操作风险度量

对低频率高损失的操作风险进行量化非常困难,其特点为较少发生,而一旦发生通常都会造成巨额损失,因此数据匮乏是一个严重的挑战,内部欺诈风险是此类风险的典型代表,也是中国商业银行有代表性的重大操作风险类型.在损失分布法的框架下,通过极值理论对内部欺诈风险进行度量;考虑到使用损失数据对频率直接拟合带来的问题,借助POT模型的重要性质对内部欺诈风险强度和频率进行估计;在此基础上,使用基于吉布斯抽样的贝叶斯MCMC方法估计POT模型的参数,以解决样本数据不足时极大似然估计中误差增大的问题.在这一方法框架下,以中国商业银行的内部欺诈损失数据为样本,对中国商业银行的内部欺诈风险进行度量,并估计了相应的经济资本.     

基于固定效应模型的资本充足率对银行绩效的影响探究

巴塞尔协议Ⅲ的提出和我国国内资本监管要求促使我国银行加强资本金的补充,特别是保证符合质量和数量要求的资本充足率,以提高风险抵御能力。资本充足率监管不断加强的同时,我国商业银行的经营绩效不可避免的会受到资本金补充所带来的影响。本文研究在提高资本充足率以保证符合监管当局监管指标的同时,我国商业银行应该怎样提高核心竞争力,提高经营绩效以面临激烈的竞争。     

银行操作风险度量方法与在我国商业银行的适用性探析

新巴塞尔协议出台后,对操作风险的度量在银行业已是一个较为热门的研究课题.本文阐述了目前国际银行业操作风险度量的几种主要方法,并作了彼此之间的比较分析,旨在探讨适合我国商业银行实际的操作风险度量方法,呼应国内银行目前正在推进中的风险管理改革,提高我国商业银行风险管理水平.     

现金流信息、现金流风险与股票收益定价研究

研究了现金流信息、现金流风险与股票收益定价的关系,建立了包含现金流信息的多变量股票非预期收益定价模型,并采用2002年1月至2011年4月间中国股票市场的有关交易数据、机构会计收益预测数据和财务数据,检验了理论模型和实证模型的预测,发现:1)由证券分析师盈余预测修正估计出的正现金流信息对股票非预期收益、股票实际收益、股票超额收益均具有稳健的解释能力;2)由证券分析师盈余预测估计出的现金流风险反映了股票的系统风险,可以对股票预期收益定价;3)在解释股票超额收益方面,由现金流信息、现金流风险、分析师跟踪人数与宿成建3变量模型构成的多变量模型优越于Fama-French 3因子模型变量与现金流信息、现金流风险构成的多变量模型.     

基于GARCH-EVT-COPULA模型的外汇投资组合风险度量研究

基于巴塞尔协议和商业银行风险管理新视角,本文运用GARCH-EVT-COPULA模型构建了GARCH-EVT-Gaussian-COPULA和GARCH-EVT-t-COPULA两种方法,对美元、欧元、日元和港元四种人民币汇率的等权重投资组合风险进行了度量,优化了极值分布作为COPULA函数边际分布的多序列超阈值比例确定方法,并与历史模拟法、正态方法、蒙特卡罗方法三种传统方法和单用极值方法度量的VaR进行了比较并作返回检验.结果表明:GARCH-EVT-Gaussian-COPULA扣GARCH-EVT-t-COPULA两种方法符合巴塞尔协议的内部模型法(I--)对商业银行风险管理的要求,而且估计结果优于其他四种方法,其中,GARCH-EVT-Gaussian-COPU LA方法的估计结果比GARCH-EVT-t-COPULA方法更有利于节省商业银行的经济资本.     

尾风险度量与定价能力分析

经典资本资产定价模型假设资产收益服从正态分布或者投资者效用函数是二次型,然而实际中资产收益的分布呈现尖峰厚尾特征,因而无法在均值-方差框架下分析风险与收益的关系。与资产收益正常变化相比,极端变化带来的尾风险会对市场风险和投资者的决策行为产生更为显著的影响,因此研究尾风险的度量方法和定价能力具有一定理论和实践意义。 依据极值理论,基于Fama-French的3因子模型无法解释的收益残差构建尾风险度量模型。选取中国股票市场沪深A股作为研究对象,以历史滑动窗估计尾风险,投资组合分析和横截面回归分析的结果都表明尾风险可以稳定地负向预测股票收益,在控制规模、交易量、非流动性、短期反转、中期动量、特质波动率、特质偏度等股票特征后,尾风险的负向预测能力依然显著。引入融资融券交易,发现融资融券标的股票的尾风险显著低于非融资融券标的股票的尾风险,而且可以消除尾风险的负向溢价,因而中国资本市场尚未完全开放融资融券交易机制可能是产生尾风险负向溢价的主要原因。 通过买多-卖空组合构建尾风险定价因子,发现尾风险因子比投资因子和盈利因子有更高的风险价格,而且并不是相对于Fama-French的5因子的冗余因子。与Fama-French的3因子模型和5因子模型相比,Fama-French的3因子或5因子基础上包含尾风险因子的定价模型对股票横截面收益有更好的解释能力,因而有更高的定价效率。 2008年全球金融危机爆发后,对尾风险定价能力的忽略使已有资产定价模型受到广泛批评。因此,探究尾风险的度量方法以及分析尾风险的定价能力,不仅有助于完善和拓展资产定价理论,而且有助于降低投资者对股票价格的认知偏差,提升市场资源配置效率和维护市场稳定性。     

基于IE"连续改善"思想的我国商业银行操作风险度量模型

操作风险是银行业需要面临的主要风险之一,在度量操作风险的问题上,运用定量定性方法的结合来衡量操作风险日益取代通过操作手册或者风险清单来进行管理的方法,这也是IT技术的发展以及银行操作自动化程度不断提高的结果.本文首先介绍了新的巴塞尔协议所确定的操作风险度量方法以及前人在这一方面的研究成果,引人"沃尔评分法",结合IE"连续改善"的思想建立适合度量我国商业银行操作风险的定量模型,通过实证表明该模型是适合度量国内商业银行操作风险.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.