A tradeoff model for green supply chain planning:A leanness-versus-greenness analysis

This article presents a tactical supply chain planning model that can be used to investigate tradeoffs between cost and environmental degradation including carbon emissions, energy consumption and waste generation. The proposed model also incorporates other aspects of real world supply chains such as multiple transport lot sizing and flexible holding capacity of warehouses. A solution methodology, the Nested Integrated Cross-Entropy (NICE) method, is developed to solve the proposed mixed-integer nonlinear mathematical model. The application of the model and solution method is investigated in an actual case problem. Analysis of the numerical results focuses on investigating the relationship between lean practices and green outcomes. We find that (1) not all lean interventions at the tactical supply chain planning level result in green benefits, and (2) a flexible supply chain is the greenest and most efficient alternative when compared to strictly lean and centralized situations.     

Manufacturing networks and supply chains: an operations strategy perspective

The purpose of this paper is to analyze manufacturing networks and supply chains from an operations strategy perspective. These two areas have traditionally been treated as separate research tracks, but with the ongoing globalization of markets and operations there is a need to integrate these complementary disciplines to study networks of facilities. In this paper we examine the two research areas based on two structural decision categories in an operations strategy, viz. facilities and vertical integration. We present a typology for the analysis of network systems resulting in four basic network configurations. Coordination of activities within the network is contingent upon the configuration, thus resulting in four coordination approaches. The configuration and coordination analyzes can be used as a foundation for further research in the context of integrating manufacturing network and supply chain theory.     

Network design for reverse logistics

Collection and recycling of product returns is gaining interest in business and research worldwide. Growing green concerns and advancement of green supply chain management (GrSCM) concepts and practices make it all the more relevant. Inputs from literature and informal interviews with 84 stakeholders are used to develop a conceptual model for simultaneous location–allocation of facilities for a cost effective and efficient reverse logistics (RL) network. We cover costs and operations across a wide domain and our proposed RL network consists of collection centers and two types of rework facilities set up by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or their consortia for a few categories of product returns under various strategic, operational and customer service constraints in the Indian context.     

Analysing critical success factors to implement sustainable supply chain practices in Indian automobile industry: a case study

The aim of this article is to analyse the critical success factors (CSFs) behind the successful implementation of sustainable supply chain practices in Indian automobile industry. Supply chain sustainability is a critical and timely topic for the developing country like India that captures increasing concerns over sustainability, whether driven by current legislation, public interest or competitive opportunity. Identification of CSFs responsible for sustainable supply chain practices and evaluating their contextual relationships has the potential to affect future government policy, current production operations and identify new business models. In response to this, this paper intends to identify CSFs based on organisational theory and model them to implement sustainable supply chain practices in Indian automobile industry. Twenty-five CSFs to implement sustainable supply chain practices based on organisational theory are recognised by means of the literature review and in discussions with experts in one case study organisation. A solution methodology based on the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique is used to propose a structural model, which not only helps in understanding the contextual relationship among these CSFs, but also in determining their interdependence to implement sustainable supply chain practices. Further, the importance of CSFs has been determined based on their driving and dependence power using MICMAC analysis. Our overarching thesis is that the insights gained are useful for Indian automobile industry and would help practitioners, regulators and academicians to focus their efforts towards implementation of sustainable supply chain practices.     

具有遗憾值约束的鲁棒供应链网络设计模型研究

考虑不确定性环境,研究战略层次的供应链网络鲁棒设计问题,目标是设计参数发生摄动时,供应链性能能够保持稳健性。基于鲁棒解的定义,建立从上游供应商选择到下游设施选址-需求分配的供应链网络设计鲁棒优化模型;提出确定遗憾值限定系数上限和下限的方法,允许决策者调节鲁棒水平,选择多种供应链网络结构;通过模型分解与协调,设计了供应链节点配置的禁忌搜索算法。算例的计算结果表明了禁忌搜索算法具有良好的收敛特性,以及在处理大规模问题上的优越性;同时也反映了利用鲁棒优化模型进行供应链网络设计,可以有效规避投资风险。     

Book reviews

This paper is aimed at developing and testing a methodology to evaluate the most appropriate collaboration level within a given supply chain. In particular, the proposed methodology is conceived for logistic networks belonging to the consumer packaged goods industry, e.g. the grocery industry, and it consists of: (i) identifying an approximation of collaboration, (ii) representing through such approximation the different options among collaborative planning forecasting and replenishment (CPFR), vendor management inventory (VMI) and loosely collaborative approach (LCA); (iii) using a simulation-based decision support system to select the best collaboration level. The proposed methodology has been applied to a real-life supply chain in the food and beverage industry. Results conclude that the methodology proposed here proved useful in facing the problem of collaboration level definition among the nodes of a consumer packaged goods logistic network.     

Performance management of suppliers in outsourcing project: case analysis from the financial services industry

This study investigates the characteristics of an effective performance management framework for outsourcing projects in a UK-based financial services organisation and how this may contribute to the success of the outsourcing arrangement. The analysis draws on outsourcing and performance management theory, and uses both primary and secondary data. Valuable information was found on objective setting, performance measurement and performance improvement in the outsourcing project. An adapted version of the Balanced Scorecard, termed a Logic Scorecard, is suggested as a measurement tool; a service credit system and a continuous improvement schedule used to enhance supplier performance. The performance management framework, which is one of the pillars of the supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model, was developed, and provides practitioners with step-by-step guidance for the implementation of performance management in outsourcing projects. This combines both suggestions for performance management before and after the outsourcing decision, thus considering the entire outsourcing lifecycle. The proposed 10-step framework for outsourcing not only incorporates strategic propositions but also shows its implementation at an operational level.     

Multistage Stochastic Optimization for Production‐Inventory Planning with Intermittent Renewable Energy

A growing number of companies install wind and solar generators in their energy‐intensive facilities to attain low‐carbon manufacturing operations. However, there is a lack of methodological studies on operating large manufacturing facilities with intermittent power. This study presents a multi‐period, production‐inventory planning model in a multi‐plant manufacturing system powered with onsite and grid renewable energy. Our goal is to determine the production quantity, the stock level, and the renewable energy supply in each period such that the aggregate production cost (including energy) is minimized. We tackle this complex decision problem in three steps. First, we present a deterministic planning model to attain the desired green energy penetration level. Next, the deterministic model is extended to a multistage stochastic optimization model taking into account the uncertainties of renewables. Finally, we develop an efficient modified Benders decomposition algorithm to search for the optimal production schedule using a scenario tree. Numerical experiments are carried out to verify and validate the model integrity, and the potential of realizing high‐level renewables penetration in large manufacturing system is discussed and justified.     

政府激励政策下人造板绿色供应链谈判-协调机制研究

当前我国人造板产业面临效率低下、资源浪费和环境污染等问题,上下游企业缺乏合作与协调。本文界定了人造板绿色供应链系统,运用契约理论和纳什谈判理论,分别构建了政府激励政策下人造板绿色供应链集中优化决策、分散均衡决策和谈判协调决策模型,从而建立了相应的收益分享-成本分担契约谈判协调机制,并基于相关行业和企业经验数据,与传统人造板供应链进行了对比数值分析。研究结果表明:(1)收益分享-成本分担契约谈判-协调机制能够很好地实现人造板绿色供应链的协调运营,提高资源效率,降低环境负影响和提升运营绩效。(2)人造板绿色供应链管理模式下供应链及其成员的最优利润均高于传统管理模式,谈判协调决策情形下供应链及其成员的最优利润均高于分散均衡决策情形。(3)制定有"门槛"的增值税即征即退政策和适当的环境税政策,自建经济林场、选用经济型枝桠材,强化技术研发和工艺改进,有助于提高人造板供应链运营绩效。     

An integrated model of supply chain performance evaluation and decision-making using structural equation modelling and fuzzy AHP

This paper aims to propose a comprehensive evaluation tool and decision model, which can help the practitioners to gauge their supply chain performance and guide them in decision-making for further improvements. The model provides a salient notion of integrated supply chain performance evaluation approach distilled from the literature. The five important performance evaluation criteria (supply chain planning performance, supply chain partnership performance, production performance, delivery and logistic performance and customer service and satisfaction performance) and corresponding 19 sub-criteria have been identified. An integrated methodology of structural equation modelling (SEM) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) have been applied to the proposed model to a real case study of Indian textile–apparel–retail supply chain network.     

考虑技术投资的供应链网络下可交易污染排放许可均衡问题

构建了包含多污染物、多污染接收点的供应链网络,考虑了生产技术和减排技术投资,对可交易的污染排放许可下的供应链网络进行了均衡分析,给出了变分不等式框架,建立了均衡模型。模型明确地处理了空间差异,同时保证了通过初始污染排放许可分配就可达到指定的环境标准。提出了模型的求解算法,最后利用提出的模型及算法对算例进行了计算,得到利润最大化下供应链网络中各工厂的产品生产量、排放量、污染排放许可的均衡分配额和污染排放许可的交易价格、技术最优投资额,并分析了成本函数参数以及工厂数量的变化对生产技术投资和减排技术投资的影响。     

供应链分销系统双层优化模型

分销渠道决策在整个供应链管理中非常关键,因为它直接影响着其它的市场决策. 从供 应链集成的角度出发,利用双层规划模型描述了二级分销网络优化问题,充分考虑了网络决策 部门及客户双方的自身及共同利益. 同时设计了启发式求解算法,最后用简单算例验证了模型 及其算法的有效性.     

考虑努力水平和决策风险偏好的供应链期权销量担保模型

对销售商和供应商组成的简单两级供应链,在供应链参与企业的风险偏好影响其决策选择,以及在需求随机并受销售商营销努力水平影响的市场环境下,建立了基于销量担保期权的供应链契约模型。提供了一种基于期望损失的期权定价方法,分析了努力水平和决策风险偏好双重因素对参与企业的决策及其供应链协调的影响。研究表明在考虑努力水平和决策风险偏好差异时,单纯的期权销量契约无法实现供应链协调。为此,引入收益共享和努力成本共担策略,对原契约模型加以修正。在修正契约中,当收益共享比例和努力成本共担比例满足一定条件时,修正的期权销量担保契约可以实现供应链协调。最后,提供了一种模型优化分析方法,并通过案例分析说明了研究结论的有效性。     

Operations Risk Management: Overview of Paul Kleindorfer's Contributions

This paper reviews Paul Kleindorfer's contributions to Operations Management (OM), with a special focus on his research on risk management. An annotated bibliography of selected other contributions reviews the breadth of topics that have occupied Kleindorfer's research attention over his now 45 + years of research. These include optimal control theory, scheduling theory, decision sciences, investment planning and peak load pricing, plus a number of important applications in network industries and insurance. In the area of operations risk management, we review recent work that Kleindorfer and his colleagues in the Wharton Risk Center have undertaken on environmental management and operations, focusing on process safety and environmental risks in the chemical industry. This work is directly related to Kleindorfer's work in the broader area of “sustainable operations”, which he, Kal Singhal and Luk Van Wassenhove recently surveyed as part of the new initiative at POMS to encompass sustainable management practices within the POMS community. Continuing in the area of supply chain risks, the paper reviews Kleindorfer's contributions to the development of an integrated framework for contracting and risk hedging for supply management. The emphasis on alignment of pricing, performance and risk management in this framework is presaged in the work undertaken by Kleindorfer and his co‐authors in the 1980s on after‐sales support services for high‐technology products. This work on supply chain risk, and its successors, is reviewed here in light of its growing importance in managing the unbundled and global supply chains characteristic of the new economy.     

一种基于期权的供应商能力预订模型

在供应链中,合作企业实现风险共担,利益共享是供应链管理的基本目标。本文通过引入期权机制,提出了制造商预订上游供应商的生产能力的数学模型,使之能以较低的风险获取外部资源,以保证经营目标的实现。同时,也能使供应商通过期权降低自身的经营风险,增强收益的能力,最终实现供应链利益的整体协调。     

Customer–supplier relationship management in an intelligent supply chain network

Outsourcing is leading to more and more complex industrial organisations. This can be attributed to the fact that several decision centres interact. As a consequence, changes in customer–supplier relationships can be noticed. In recent years, these relations have strongly evolved to lead to better internal management of each partner and a better general performance to satisfy customers. These evolutions created a new approach to the relationship between companies, called ‘industrial partnership’, in the form of a network. Networks induce a need at customer–supplier relation control level. The contribution and participation of each of the partners are thus fundamental to make supply chain management (SCM) a successful project. The control system of each actor partner must thus be adaptable enough to satisfy the production requirements. Our contribution to the improvement of customer–supplier relationship is a decentralised self-organised control model based on the concept of holon. In this model, the decision system manages a group of actors’ operations who are in a partnership. In this paper in particular a process for the evaluation of the suppliers network is discussed.     

Relationships among JIT practices: an interpretive modeling approach

Abstract

This research develops a model of relationships among components of Total-JIT, including JIT-information, JIT-manufacturing, JIT-purchasing, and JIT-selling, to establish an implementation hierarchy based on relative importance. The data collected relates to the relationships among JIT components and two performance measures, supply chain competency and organizational performance. Two groups are used in the research, one group of five operations management academics and another group of 30 practicing operations managers working in U.S. manufacturing firms. An interpretive structural modelling methodology is used to develop alternative structural models. The academics’ data show JIT-information emerging as lynchpin of relationships, directly impacting all other JIT practices and both performance measures. The practitioners’ data indicates that all JIT practices and performance measures are interactive as components and outcomes. This study is the first to apply interpretive structural modelling to investigate the interplay among total-JIT components and the performance measures of supply chain competency and organizational performance.     

基于连续时间动态博弈的供应链声誉及其微分对策研究

着眼于企业及其供应链的可持续发展,纳入时间因素分析供应链协调问题.基于供应链视角考虑顾客价值开拓,并将其本质抽象为“供应链声誉”的构建过程.针对这一供应链动态协调问题,基于供应链成员企业之间的长期合作关系,在连续时间背景下采用变分法建立了供应链各方关于供应链声誉的微分对策模型,通过求解该模型发现在拟约束方程组有解时Nash均衡存在,并求出了相应的最优微分对策.这些理论研究结论阐明了长期的、稳定的合作关系对于实现供应链协调的意义,对于实践中供应链动态协调的实现具有一定的启发与参考价值.论文最后对相关结论进行了数值分析.     

需求不确定条件下的制造商订单分配模型

制造商的订单分配作为供应链模型微观层面的重要组成部分,对提升整个供应链效率有很大影响,但需求层面的不确定因素加大了订单分配的难度。以按比例分配为原则,讨论在需求不确定条件下完全信息与不完全信息两类多供应商-单制造商的订单分配模型。重点研究完全信息条件下各方的分散决策和集中决策,由于后者能避免各参与方对其他决策方的边际影响,所以能够实现供应链总利润的最大化;其次又将不完全信息引入模型,讨论制造商如何通过折算因子结合已有信息对供应商的私人信息进行估计,进而做出决策。最后以需求服从正态分布为例对两类模型进行验证。     

考虑再制造设计水平的多期闭环供应链网络均衡

再制造设计已应用于企业实践,利于产品的再制造过程,但需要额外的投资。本文以多个规划期为决策环境,以包含需求市场层、零售商层和制造商层的闭环供应链网络为研究对象,其中每层包含多个成员,研究了制造商产品可再制造性设计水平决策问题。政府规定最低可再制造设计水平,各制造商对新产品的可再制造设计水平、生产和交易等变量进行决策;正向渠道中零售商同时销售新产品和再制造品,逆向渠道中零售商受制造商委托,在每个规划期末,回收各需求市场产生的废旧品;消费者对新产品和再制造品评价不同,通常对新产品评价较高,而对再制造品评价较低,其对两种产品愿意支付的价格也会不同。利用变分不等式等理论获得制造商和零售商的均衡条件,并获得整个供应链网络均衡模型。采用修正投影收缩算法求解。通过算例对再制造投资影响因子、政府最低可再制造水平、消费者对再制造品的评价系数等参数对均衡结果的影响进行了分析,获得了在多规划期供应链网络环境下,制造商的产品可再制造设计水平和政府有关部门决策时需关注的问题等管理学启示。