研发团队多元性、知识分享与创新绩效关系的实证研究

本研究基于社会分类理论和信息与决策理论,分析研发团队多元性的社会属性、信息和价值观三个不同维度对知识分享及创新绩效的影响,提出研究假设。论文利用62家高科技企业的71个研发团队的调查数据对研究假设进行了实证检验。研究结果发现,研发团队的社会属性多元性对知识分享、创新绩效具有消极的影响,而信息多元性对知识分享、创新绩效具有积极的影响,价值观多元性的影响作用不显著。此外,社会属性多元性和价值观多元性对信息多元性与知识分享的关系起到了负向的调节作用。     

团队创新氛围与研发团队创新绩效的实证研究

团队创新氛围是创新研究与团队研究的一个结合点,在国内相关研究尚显薄弱。本文追踪国外的相关成果,运用了目前最被认可的TCI问卷(The Team Climate Inventory),对我国21个研发团队的142个样本进行测量。分析发现在我国TCI同样具有良好的内部一致性,而且团队创新氛围的各维度存在区别度;但团队创新氛围结构与国外研究略有差异;并且,影响基础研究团队与技术开发团队创新绩效的团队创新氛围有所不同。本研究将有助于我国研发团队的创新研究,对研发团队的管理理论和实践有一定启示。     

The Effects of Top Management Team Pay and Firm Internationalization on MNC Performance

We examine relationships among top management team (TMT) compensation, a firm’s degree of internationalization (DOI), and its subsequent levels of market and accounting performance. Consistent with our contingency view of information-processing theory, we find that non-CEO total pay and the use of long-term incentive pay are positively associated with subsequent performance, whereas the CEO-TMT total pay gap has negative effects on firm performance. CEO pay has no relationship with performance and TMT pay effects are much stronger in MNCs with high DOI.     

知识工作团队中变革型领导与团队冲突管理方式研究

对来自106个团队的283名知识工作团队成员的调查结果进行研究分析,结果表明,变革型领导风格的4个维度,即德行垂范、个性关怀、愿景激励和领导魅力均能促进合作型冲突管理方式,但是只有德行垂范和个性关怀能够抑制竞争型冲突管理方式;团队心理安全在变革型领导和团队冲突管理方式之间起到部分中介作用.此外,合作型冲突管理方式对团队绩效有正向影响,竞争型冲突管理方式对团队绩效有负向影响.     

团队冲突、冲突管理与绩效关系的实证研究

在组织研究领域,冲突一直被视为重要的团队交互过程变量.然而.关于团队冲突与绩效的关系存在很多争议,且以往的研究很少同时考虑团队冲突和冲突管理行为,这就忽视了冲突管理对团队冲突的潜在引导作用.通过对76个工作团队的冲突、冲突管理行为和绩效的实证研究,发现冲突管理和冲突的交互作用对团队绩效的影响显著.竞争型冲突管理行为会导致关系冲突的增加,进而导致团队绩效的降低;回避型冲突管理行为和关系冲突显著负相关;任务冲突与团队绩效之间显著正相关.本文的研究结果对于企业管理人员发挥任务冲突的正面效用、降低关系冲突的负面影响有一定的启示.     

Top Management Team Heterogeneity,Strategic Change and Operational Performance*

This study examines the role of top management team (TMT) heterogeneity in facilitating strategic change. Based on the upper echelons literature, we argue that heterogeneous management teams are better able to handle the simultaneous and conflicting demands of refocusing the organization strategically and keeping up operational performance. We expect this to be true only for teams that are heterogeneous with respect to factors directly related to job requirements, however. Data were collected from 92 full TMTs of hospitals in Spain that were confronted with institutional pressures that challenged their current strategies. In support of our hypotheses, the results show job‐related TMT heterogeneity moderates the relation between strategic change and operational performance. No moderating effect is found for non‐job‐related TMT heterogeneity.     

研发团队领导、团队反思与研发团队绩效关系研究

针对研发团队的特点,以团队领导和团队反思理论为基础,提出了研发团队领导、团队反思与团队绩效之间关系的概念模型,并采用SEM方法进行了实证检验。结果表明,变革型领导和交易型领导都会对团队绩效直接产生影响,但前者的影响更显著;变革型领导能够通过团队反思影响团队绩效,而交易型领导不能。团队反思在鼓励性激励、智能激发、个性化关怀三个变量分别与研发团队绩效作用过程中起到了一定的中介作用。     

The Effect of Team Leader Characteristics on Learning,Knowledge Application,and Performance of Cross‐Functional New Product Development Teams

This study examines how leadership characteristics in new product development teams affect the learning, knowledge application, and subsequently the performance of these teams. Using data from a study of 229 members from 52 high‐tech new product projects, we empirically demonstrate that team learning has a strong positive effect on the innovativeness and speed to market of the new products. Moreover, a democratic leadership style, initiation of goal structure by the team leader, and his or her position within the organization were positively related to team learning. Managerial implications of these results are discussed.     

两种商业模式下高管团队与上市房地产企业业绩研究

房产企业销售所遵循的商业模式主要有自营销售和代理销售两种,本文将其作为调节变量引入房地产高管团队特质与地产企业业绩的研究之中,我们在对两种商业模式进行比较的基础上,结合“高层梯队理论”中高管团队的特质要素,对沪深两市2011年上市房地产企业高管团队构成与企业业绩进行实证研究.研究表明,高管团队以及董事长的个人特质与企业业绩相关联,较之代销模式,高管团队的任期与董事长的教育、年龄、任期等在自销模式下与业绩的正相关性较大,而高管团队年龄的异质性则在自销模式下与业绩的负相关更为明显.本文对研究房产企业治理结构与营销手段的协同性问题具有一定的启示作用.     

创业团队的内部治理:协作需求、薪酬差距与团队稳定性

创业团队是组织租金创造的源头,其内部是如何使用正式合约进行治理的,尚缺乏大样本实证研究。利用2009~2018年创业板团队创始人个人层面的数据,我们以创业团队面临的第一份正式合约薪酬契约为视角,研究发现:较小的薪酬差设置显著提高了创业团队的稳定性;同时,在协作需求更强(业务复杂度高)的团队中,上述关系被显著加强。进一步地,我们考察了不同的团队特征(团队规模和亲缘关系),发现随着私下沟通成本的增加以及团队间非正式合约的替代,薪酬差距和团队稳定性的关系被显著削弱;最后,我们进行了相关经济后果的检验。本文的发现强调了正式合约设计和团队生产力物化过程的匹配规律,也为团队治理过程中隐性契约和显性契约的耦合提供了证据。     

Top Management Teams,Business Models,and Performance of Biotechnology Ventures: An Upper Echelon Perspective*

In this paper we introduce a new contingency variable that moderates the effect of top management team composition on organizational performance – the organization's business model. Arguing from an upper echelon perspective and drawing on data from 99 German biotechnology ventures, we show that founder‐based firm‐specific experience of management team members can have either a positive or a negative effect on performance, depending on whether the venture pursues a platform or a therapeutics business model, respectively. Our results also show that managers' experience collected in the pharmaceutical industry has a positive effect on performance, and that this effect is more positive for therapeutics than for platform ventures. We discuss the implications of these findings for the literature on upper echelons and entrepreneurial founding teams.     

高管冲突与团队决策绩效——基于控制模式的调节分析

整合冲突理论与公司治理控制理论,揭示控制模式(所有制)在高管冲突与团队决策绩效关系中的调节作用,利用中国10个省345份国有企业和民营企业样本,运用层级回归分析对假设进行验证.研究结果表明,高管认知冲突有助于提高团队决策绩效,高管情感冲突负向影响团队决策绩效;同时所有制对于两类冲突的调节作用不同,相对于国有企业,民营企业中高管团队情感冲突与团队决策绩效的负相关关系显著减弱,高管团队认知冲突与团队决策绩效的正相关关系并无显著差别.研究发现,要有效提高高管团队决策绩效,既应通过所有制的改变降低情感冲突对决策的负面作用,也应该寻求体制调整之外的具体管理方式适度激发认知冲突.     

上市公司总经理更换、高管团队重组与企业绩效改进

本文针对以往总经理更换理论研究存在的关键问题,特别是对高管团队重组现象的忽视,构建了新的理论假设,并利用中国上市公司数据进行了检验.研究发现,总经理被迫离职时企业绩效呈现改进之面貌,但常规离职时无此效应;国有控股阻碍了企业绩效改进而内部董事则反之,且在总经理被迫离职情况下,前者负效应减弱而后者正效应增强;总经理是否为竞争者继任对企业绩效改进无显著影响,而选择外部继任对其有显著负面效应;总经理更换后的高管团队重组总体上不利于企业绩效改进,但受到继任类型的调节作用,在外部继任情形下消极影响尤为明显,而对竞争者继任则具有积极作用.     

团队学习和学习型团队：概念、能力模型、测量及对团队绩效的影响

提出了团队学习和学习型团队的定义,建立了团队学习的9个行为和能力要素,开发了团队学习能力的定义和几种测量模型。采用513个样本数据进行了统计检验,表明所建立的团队学习能力的测量模型具有好的信度和效度,并发现了团队学习能力与团队绩效之间具有显著的正相关关系。     

A Dynamic Perspective on Diverse Teams: Moving from the Dual-Process Model to a Dynamic Coordination-based Model of Diverse Team Performance

The existing literature on diverse teams suggests that diversity is both helpful to teams in making more information available and encouraging creativity and damaging to teams in reducing cohesion and information sharing. Thus the extant literature suggests that diversity within teams is a double-edged sword that leads to both positive and negative effects simultaneously. This literature has not, however, fully embraced the increasing calls in the broader groups literature to take account of time in understanding how groups function [e.g. Cronin, M. A., Weingart, L. R., &; Todorova, G. (2011). Dynamics in groups: Are we there yet? The Academy of Management Annals, 5, 571–612]. We review the literature on diverse teams employing this lens to develop a dynamic perspective that takes account of the timing and flow of diversity's effects. Our review suggests that diversity in groups has different short-term and long-term effects in ways that are not fully captured by the currently dominant double-edged sword metaphor. We identify an emerging perspective that suggests a tropical depression metaphor—that has the potential, over time, to develop either into a dangerous hurricane or diffuse into a rainstorm that gives way to sunshine, as more apt to capture the dynamic effects of diversity in teams. We conclude by outlining an agenda for redirecting future research on diverse teams using this more dynamic perspective.     

Team Dispersion,Information Technology,and Project Performance

The impact of information technology (IT) on the performance of distributed projects is not well understood. Although prior research has documented that dispersion among project teams has an adverse effect on project performance, the role of IT as an enabler of communication to bridge the spatial distance among team members in distributed networks has not been empirically studied. We focus on the role of IT as a moderator of the relationship between team dispersion and project performance using projects as the unit of analysis. We find that IT mitigates the negative effect of team dispersion on project performance, especially in high information volume projects. Our central contribution is the development of an empirically tested model to improve the understanding of the operational impact of IT as a vehicle to bridge spatial dispersion among distributed teams that are engaged in knowledge‐intensive work.     

沟通技术和时间因素对虚拟团队过程影响实验研究

以学生为实验对象,进行由48个3人组参与的2×2因子实验,对不同技术条件和团队发展阶段下的虚拟团队进行模拟.通过时实验对象的问卷调查,收集贫瘠和丰富沟通技术条件下虚拟团队在早期阶段和后期阶段的信任水平、冲突水平和绩效水平数据,并以此分析两类沟通技术在虚拟团队发展的不同阶段对团队内冲突和信任水平的影响以及虚拟团队过程中信任的调节作用和绩效的反馈作用.研究结果表明,在虚拟团队发展的早期阶段,丰富度高的沟通技术会引发更多的关系冲突,不利于团队信任的建立,并且在促使成员积极讨论任务方面的优势并不明显;在虚拟团队发展的后期阶段,团队中的信任和冲突水平受到前期绩效的反馈作用和技术变更的影响,早期绩效对后期团队内冲突和信任具有显著的反馈作用,技术变更带来关系冲突水平的增加,而沟通技术在后期阶段将不再是影响团队内信任和冲突的主要因素;信任的调节作用在虚拟情境下得到验证.     

高层管理团队的异质性与企业绩效的实证研究

研究了我国企业所处行业的动态性对高层管理团队异质性与企业绩效关系的影响。采用我国深、沪两市356家上市公司2001~2002年的数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,在我国企业中,高层管理团队职业经验异质性、年龄异质性与行业动态性的交互作用在各自对企业绩效的影响中起了负向的调节作用,进而对这种结果进行了具体的分析和讨论,并提出了未来研究的展望。     

高层管理团队协作需要、薪酬差距和企业绩效:竞赛理论的视角

本文基于竞赛理论发展出高层管理团队协作需要、薪酬差距与企业绩效之间关系的理论假说,并利用2001年到2004年我国264家上市公司年报数据进行了实证研究.研究结果表明,高管团队薪酬差距对于企业绩效的影响是负向的,不支持竞赛理论的预期,而技术复杂性、企业规模和薪酬差距的交互项对公司绩效有正向影响,团队协作需要的调节效应得到部分支持,符合竞赛理论的预期.协作需要对高管团队薪酬差距的影响也部分支持了竞赛理论的预期.因此,研究表明由于文化的差异,竞赛理论对我国企业高管团队薪酬差距的解释能力是有限的,这也为企业管理团队薪酬的制度设计带来政策启示.     

创业团队、正式结构与新企业绩效

利用天津市9个科技企业孵化器中98家成立3年以内的新企业调查数据,采用层级回归模型,探讨创业者在初创期是否应将宝贵资源投入于组织结构建设.突破以往按照有无组织结构或机械/有机结构的简单分类,检验正式组织结构的两个关键属性(角色规范性和职能专业化)对新企业绩效的影响,并考察创业团队特征能否解释新企业之间在初始组织结构形态上的差异.实证结果表明,角色规范性显著负向影响新企业绩效,职能专业化对新企业绩效有积极促进作用.同时,创业团队组成特征中只有产业经验异质性显著影响新企业的角色规范性和职能专业化,性别和年龄异质性只是有助于角色规范性,职能经验异质性则与两个组织结构特征均无显著相关关系.