风险规避偏好下农副产品自然风险管理策略的选择:外部采购还是农业保险?

在农副产品加工行业,自己种植原材料有利于企业控制产品质量、获取低成本优势。然而,随着全球气候的变暖,恶劣天气等自然风险事件频发,这无疑加剧了农副产品制造商面对的自然风险。实践中,制造商可通过外部采购策略或农业保险策略降低自然风险带来的损失。然而,这两种策略各有利弊,对于风险规避制造商而言究竟哪种策略更为有效需进行深入探析。为此,本文以单周期风险规避农副产品制造商的计划产量决策模型为基础,研究企业自然风险管理策略的选择问题。通过比较研究,找出两种策略的实施条件,并给出农副产品制造商应对自然风险的占优策略。研究结果表明:(1)当制造商风险规避程度较低时,利用外部采购策略避险是无效的。这时,如果农业保险的安全因子足够低,农业保险策略可完全补偿缺货成本,并帮助制造商降低计划产量节约种植成本,进而提高CVaR值、改善运营状态;(2)当制造商风险规避程度较高时,外部采购策略可完全消除自然风险造成的产量波动并帮助企业进入该产品市场,而农业保险则是通过补偿自然风险引发的缺货成本帮助企业进入该产品市场。哪种策略更有效取决于外部采购价格和安全因子的大小关系;(3)随着原材料单位种植成本、不利事件发生概率、最终产品单位收益及单位缺货成本的上升,外部采购策略占优区域逐渐扩大而农业保险策略的占优区域逐渐减少。     

Robustness of Optimal Investment Decisions in Mixed Insurance/Investment Cyber Risk Management

An integrated risk management strategy, combining insurance and security investments, where the latter contribute to reduce the insurance premium, is investigated to assess whether it can lead to reduced overall security expenses. The optimal investment for this mixed strategy is derived under three insurance policies, covering, respectively, all the losses (total coverage), just those below the limit of maximum liability (partial coverage), and those above a threshold but below the maximum liability (partial coverage with deductibles). Under certain conditions (e.g., low potential loss, or either very low or very high vulnerability), the mixed strategy reverts however to insurance alone, because investments do not provide an additional benefit. When the mixed strategy is the best choice, the dominant component in the overall security expenses is the insurance premium in most cases. Optimal investment decisions require an accurate estimate of the vulnerability, whereas larger estimation errors may be tolerated for the investment-effectiveness coefficient.     

感知的创业激情、 信任与员工创新行为关系研究

实践中, 制造商可通过商业保险策略降低因零部件质量问题造成的经济损失.然而, 商业保险购买成本较高且可能导致供应商轻视质量问题, 放弃质量改进.为此, 本文基于完全信息下单周期两级供应链的采购合约决策模型, 研究制造商如何利用商业保险管理供应链质量风险的问题.通过比较研究, 找出商业保险策略的实施条件, 并给出最优采购合约及商业保险策略.研究结果表明: (1) 当供应商的企业规模较小、抗风险能力较低时, 商业保险策略可完全消除风险承受能力对双方交易的制约, 促进双方达成交易; (2) 当供应商的企业规模较大、抗风险能力较高时, 制造商可利用商业保险策略降低零部件采购价格, 提高期望利润; (3) 在商业保险策略下, 制造商的最优商业保险策略是全额投保; (4) 商业保险的实施不一定造成零部件质量水平的下降.当质量成本或供应商的风险承受能力较低时, 商业保险策略与质量改进之间具有互补效应.当风险承受能力和质量成本均比较高时, 商业保险策略与质量改进之间具有替代效应.     

考虑保险机构参与的重大工程风险管理激励模型

重大工程建设过程往往面临着巨大的风险暴露，保险是重要的风险处置手段，承接保险合同的保险机构和业主一起成为风险损失的承担主体。考虑到保险机构拥有极强参与现场风险管理的动能，本文基于委托代理理论构建了保险机构介入下业主与承包商的激励模型，分别讨论了共同代理和独家代理两种模式下各方的策略与收益。研究结果表明：共同代理模式下，保险机构实现了主动风险管理，业主和保险机构的收益均得以提高，业主愿意提供比独家代理模式更高的激励系数；承包商在共同代理模式下将采取更为积极的风险管理努力，同时其机会主义行为得到了抑制；业主的最优激励系数受项目特征、承包商自身因素以及外界环境的不确定性共同作用。     

Disasters as Learning Experiences or Disasters as Policy Opportunities? Examining Flood Insurance Purchases after Hurricanes

Flood insurance is a critical risk management strategy, contributing to greater resilience of individuals and communities. The occurrence of disasters has been observed to alter risk management choices, including the decision to insure. This has previously been explained by learning and behavioral biases. When it comes to flood insurance, however, federal disaster aid policy could also play a role since recipients of aid are required to maintain insurance. Using a database of flood insurance policies for all states on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States between 2001 and 2010, this article uses fixed effects models to examine how take‐up rates respond to the occurrence of hurricanes and tropical storms, as well as disaster declarations and aid requirements. Being hit by at least one hurricane in the previous year increases net flood insurance purchases by 7.2%. This effect dies out by three years after the storm. A presidential disaster declaration for floods increases take‐up rates by 6.7%. When disaster aid grants are made available to households, take‐up rates increase by 5%; this accounts for the majority of the increase in policies after occurrence of a hurricane. When the models are estimated taking into account which policies are required by disaster aid, hurricanes are estimated to lead to only a 1.5% increase in voluntary purchases. This overlooked federal policy that disaster aid recipients insure is responsible for a majority of insurance purchases postdisaster.     

企业风险管理与经营效率:来自中国保险业的经验证据

本文从风险管理的视角对企业效率评估的数据包络分析技术进行了改进,探讨了风险管理与经营效率的内在关联,并以中国保险业为例,对1999年以来企业真实的经营效率水平进行了评估。结果表明:企业内部的风险管理能力对其经营效率水平的提升具有明显的影响,而且这种影响力正在逐渐加强。不考虑企业内部的风险管理水平将直接导致其经营效率的测算结果出现低估,2002年以后这种低估的程度越发明显,这可归因于同期保险企业开始逐渐重视提高自身的风险管理能力。以上结论也为企业如何在管控风险的同时提升经营效率水平提供了有价值的指导。     

Corporate risk management and pension investment policy

In this paper, we study whether firms manage their pension risk exposures within an integrated corporate risk management framework or they manage their pension and firm risk exposures independently following the adoption of fair value pension reporting regulation (IAS 19). Controlling for known factors affecting the risk-taking in pension plan investments, we document a robust negative association both at the cross-section and over time between pension risk and firm systematic risk and operating asset risk during the post-IAS 19 adoption period. The findings suggest that firms manage pension risk as an integral part of firm risk, consistent with a coordinated risk management explanation. Overall, our evidence highlights that pension investment strategy is a dynamic process that is ultimately determined by sponsoring firms' strategic corporate risk management considerations and the important role that changing pension reporting regulation plays in shaping these dynamics. Our conclusions have potential wider implications for ongoing reforms in financial reporting and disclosure policy settings.     

An Insurance Model for Risk Management of Process Facilities

Most existing risk management models for process industries do not consider the effect of insurance coverage, which results in an overestimation of overall risk. A model is presented in this article to study the effect of insurance coverage of health, safety, environmental, and business risks. The effect of insurance recovery is modeled through the application of adjustment factors by considering the stochastic factors affecting insurance recovery. The insurance contract's conditions, deductibles, and policy limits are considered in developing the insurance recovery adjustment factors. Copula functions and Monte Carlo simulations are used to develop the distribution of the aggregate loss by considering the dependence among loss classes. A case study is used to demonstrate both the practical application of the proposed insurance model to improve management decisions, and the mitigating effect of insurance to minimize the residual risk.     

重尾索赔条件下现代风险模型的破产概率估计:多险种混合情形

破产概率是非寿险保险风险理论的核心问题。与经典的Cramér-Lundberg模型相比, 由Li Zehui等建立的现代风险模型更为准确地描述了非寿险保险运营的主要特征, 对现实保险业务具有较好的解释力。本文基于现代风险模型, 考虑保险公司多个险种混合经营这一更为现实的情形, 在索赔额服从正则尾分布条件下获得了破产概率的渐近等价估计。我们发现, 在具有大额索赔特征的多个险种混合的条件下, 公司面临的极端索赔风险将由索赔额分布尾部最厚的那些险种决定, 而索赔额分布尾部相对较薄的那些险种的影响作用将被淹没。该结论的有效性可用MATLAB数值模拟得到理想的验证。本文结果是对风险模型研究的重要推广, 也为多险种混合情形下保险公司的风险控制与初始保证金界定提供了依据。     

Can Environmental Insurance Succeed Where Other Strategies Fail? The Case of Underground Storage Tanks

Private risk reduction will be socially efficient only when firms are liable for all the damage that they cause. We find that environmental insurance can achieve social efficiency even when two traditional policy instruments—ex post fines and risk management mandates with ex ante fines—do not. Inefficiency occurs with ex post fines, when small firms declare bankruptcy and escape their liabilities, limiting the incentives from this policy tool. Firms ignore mandates to implement efficient risk management because regulatory agencies do not have sufficient resources to monitor every firm. The evolution of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's and states’ underground storage tank programs suggests that mandating environmental insurance can address inefficiency due to small firms declaring bankruptcy. Comparing insurance mandates to risk management mandates, the burden on a regulator is lower if all it has to do is to confirm that the firm has insurance rather than that the firm has actually, and effectively, implemented required management practices. For underground storage tanks, we show that insurance lowered toxic releases.     

管理科学与工程学科“十四五”发展战略研究:学科界定与保障政策

我国管理科学与工程学科的发展是国家全局性科学技术发展战略的重要组成部分,能够在相关重大发展领域提供关键助力,因而需要在宏观层面上探索具有问题导向属性,并且能够充分反映时代特性和国家实际需求的管理科学与工程学科发展战略。鉴于此,以厘清该学科界定与研究意义为基础,结合相关调研结果,探索了我国管理科学与工程学科“十四五”发展战略的保障政策,以期为我国“十四五”规划多个关键战略方向的重大需求提供管理支撑和量化参考,同时助力国家自然科学基金委员会全面深化科学基金改革。     

Managerial Use of Debt to Fund Municipal Government Risks*

In recent years, managers of municipalities have been forced to reevaluate the cost-effectiveness of their risk management strategy. In many cases, individual or groups of municipalities (pools) finance a self-insurance plan through the issuance of debt. However, no decision-making methodology for cost-effectively structuring the debt issue presently exists. Utilizing a math programming model, we examine a self-insurance alternative to conventional insurance that uses tax-exempt debt supplemented by taxable borrowing to finance a municipality's or pool's liability exposure. We implement our optimization model with actuarial and financial data from an intergovernmental risk pool (IRP) in the state of California, and simulate the effect of the trade-offs important to sound managerial decision making. We find that significant savings are realized by using a self-insurance plan rather than purchasing conventional insurance. We also find that managerial goals and risk preferences impact the decision when revenue flows are insufficient by themselves to reasonably fund expected losses.     

Impact of strategic and operational risk management practices on firm performance: An empirical investigation

Increasingly, creating and delivering value through complex supply chain networks involves substantial risks. However, strategy development under business risk conditions is not well-understood. This cross-country research examines how, under conditions of supply chain network risk, firms develop effective risk management practices. Using a literature review and survey research of managers from global firms; we present a research model, and empirically test the hypothesized relationships. The results show that under conditions of uncertainty, management decision-making is more likely to be cautious until visible forms of risks emerge, and prudent response mechanisms are put in place. This study identifies the crucial role of supply chain exploration and exploitation practices, and their influence in development of network risk management practices, leading to competitive financial outcomes.     

产品召回供应链中线性保险合约与订货决策

考虑一个由单供应商和单制造商组成的二级供应链,在不确定市场需求情形下考虑产品召回,站在制造商角度研究供应链线性保险合约下的最优订货决策以及最优线性保险合约决策。研究表明,最优的订货决策与产品召回概率以及线性保险系数相关,存在唯一的最优订货量来最大化制造商的利润。对于密度函数倒数的导数较大的一般需求分布函数,最优的线性保险系数与线性保险合约的固定费用以及产品召回概率有关。当产品召回概率和线性保险合约的固定费用均较小时或者产品召回概率较大但线性保险合约的固定费用适中时,制造商通过选择线性保险合约可以改善自己的利润。     

Insurability and Mitigation of Flood Losses in Private Households in Germany

In Germany, flood insurance is provided by private insurers as a supplement to building or contents insurance. This article presents the results of a survey of insurance companies with regard to eligibility conditions for flood insurance changes after August 2002, when a severe flood caused 1.8 billion euro of insured losses in the Elbe and the Danube catchment areas, and the general role of insurance in flood risk management in Germany. Besides insurance coverage, governmental funding and public donations played an important role in loss compensation after the August 2002 flood. Therefore, this article also analyzes flood loss compensation, risk awareness, and mitigation in insured and uninsured private households. Insured households received loss compensation earlier. They also showed slightly better risk awareness and mitigation strategies. Appropriate incentives should be combined with flood insurance in order to strengthen future private flood loss mitigation. However, there is some evidence that the surveyed insurance companies do little to encourage precautionary measures. To overcome this problem, flood hazards and mitigation strategies should be better communicated to both insurance companies and property owners.     

存款保险制度、影子银行与银行系统性风险

为了防范系统性银行危机的发生,我国于2015年推出了存款保险制度,该制度能否有效降低我国银行系统性风险是关乎金融稳定的重要现实问题.以我国存款保险制度的实施为契机,本文基于16家上市银行2010年第四季度~2017年第二季度的面板数据,首先,将金融机构间的关联网络和金融机构市值纳入到系统性金融风险的测度中,进而探讨我国存款保险制度对银行系统性风险的影响及其作用渠道.结果表明存款保险制度的实施显著提高了其他商业银行(中、农、工、建以外的商业银行)的系统性风险;存款保险制度主要通过影子银行渠道增加其他商业银行的系统性风险.本文的研究对于我国强化影子银行的宏观审慎管理、引入基于银行系统性风险的差别存款保险费率设计和完善系统重要性金融机构的评定,具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Project risk management using multiple criteria decision-making technique and decision tree analysis: a case study of Indian oil refinery

This study proposes an integrated analytical framework for effective management of project risks using combined multiple criteria decision-making technique and decision tree analysis. First, a conceptual risk management model was developed through thorough literature review. The model was then applied through action research on a petroleum oil refinery construction project in the Central part of India in order to demonstrate its effectiveness. Oil refinery construction projects are risky because of technical complexity, resource unavailability, involvement of many stakeholders and strict environmental requirements. Although project risk management has been researched extensively, practical and easily adoptable framework is missing. In the proposed framework, risks are identified using cause and effect diagram, analysed using the analytic hierarchy process and responses are developed using the risk map. Additionally, decision tree analysis allows modelling various options for risk response development and optimises selection of risk mitigating strategy. The proposed risk management framework could be easily adopted and applied in any project and integrated with other project management knowledge areas.     

结合资产配置策略测算收益保证的风险

投资机构的资产配置策略会改变期末偿付收益保证的风险,因此针对对该收益保证所测算的风险就应该与资产配置策略相关。本文提出了结合资产配置策略来测算收益保证风险的新方法,并以固定组合(CM),固定比例组合保险(CPPI)二种策略为特例,分别得到了风险值的解析解,然后实证研究了该方法的可行性与合理性。按照新的测算方法,当投资机构改变资产配置策略或者策略参数使得其投资行为的风险偏好逐渐变化时,测算出的风险也随之变动,这将有助于投资机构与监管机构更好地防范金融风险,提高风险管理的效率。     

基于有理样条死亡假设的分数时点寿险净保费责任准备金

保险责任准备金是保险公司风险管理的重要度量指标,责任准备金的精确合理的测算,将会对保险公司的健康发展起着极其重要的作用。分数时点净保费责任准备金的测算依赖于精算假设,本文在提出一类有理样条死亡假设的基础上,研究了终身寿险的分数时点净保费责任准备金的计算问题。我们得到了其理论计算公式和上下界范围,探讨了调节参数的变化对净保费责任准备金的影响。数据分析表明:分数时点责任准备金对调节参数的变化比较敏感,目前常用的UDD假设下的责任准备金测算值恰是本文方法下的一个边界。所以基于有理样条估计方法的分数时点责任准备金测算在实务中具有很强的灵活性,对保险公司责任准备金风险管理具有重要的指导意义。     

Stakeholder Views on Flood Risk Management in Hungary''s Upper Tisza Basin

With escalating costs of flood mitigation and relief, a challenge for the Hungarian government is to develop a flood mitigation and insurance/relief system that is viewed as efficient and fair by the many stakeholders involved. To aid policymakers in this task, this article reports on a recent study to elicit stakeholder views on flood risk management in the Upper Tisza Basin, including views on appropriate means of reducing losses and for transferring the residual losses from the direct victims to taxpayers or an insurance pool. This study is part of a project to develop an integrated approach to flood risk management coordinated by the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in collaboration with Swedish and Hungarian researchers. The discussion begins by describing the background of flood risk management problems in the Upper Tisza Basin. The results of interviews carried out with selected key stakeholders and the results of a public survey eliciting views on flood risk management are reported. The final section draws conclusions on incorporating stakeholder views into a flood risk management model, which will be used to illustrate policy paths at an upcoming stakeholder workshop. The conclusions are also of direct interest to Hungarian policymakers.