An automatic-democratic approach to weight setting for the new human development index

Perhaps the most difficult aspect of constructing a multi-dimensional index is that of choosing weights for the components. This problem is often bypassed by adopting the ‘agnostic’ option of equal weights, as in the human development index. This is an annual ranking of countries produced by the United Nations Development Programme based on life expectancy, education, and per capita gross national income. These three dimensions are now aggregated multiplicatively. Whatever weights (exponents) are chosen for these dimensions, some nations will feel disadvantaged. To avoid the use of arbitrary weights, we propose for consideration a two-step approach: (1) find the most advantageous set of weights for each nation in turn, and (2) regress the associated optimal scores on the underlying indicators to find a single weight set. This approach has the properties of non-subjectivity, fairness, and convenience. The result is that the highest weight is placed on the life expectancy dimension.     

Some further observations on the index of residential differentiation

The relationship between the index of residential differentiation (RDI), a recently introduced measure of residential segregation which is designed to summarize the distribution of c social groups in a single index, and the indices of dissimilarity (D) and segregation (SI) is examined. It is demonstrated that RDI is a natural extension of D, and that when c = 2, RDI = D; when c> 2, it is possible to stipulate RDI in terms of SI, but it is not possible to stipulate RDI in a straightforward manner in terms of D. An adjusted RDI is then suggested in which random segregation rather than complete desegregation is used as the baseline.     

A compound index of national development

Social Indicators Research - The Life Product Index (LPI) is a combination of life expectancy and gross domestic product. It is structured to the notion of ‘quality-adjusted life’ and...     

论山东人力资源开发与人力资本形成

人力资本是经济增长的源泉和动力。本文通过历史资料对山东省人力资源现状进行考察,指出山东省人力资源总体素质水平与其经济发展水平不相适应。针对人力资源现状结合山东新时期经济发展目标,提出应大胆进行人力资本投资制度创新,提高人力资本投资强度,改善人力资本投资结构,尤其是要使人力资源开发与经济比较优势相结合等重要解决措施。     

Some understandings about the population development of the minorities in China]

China is a Socialist country which is composed of numerous ethnic groups. In addition to the Han people, there are 55 minorities in various parts of China. Since liberation (1949), the lives of the minorities have improved greatly. There has also been reasonable advancement in their local economic situation, cultural and educational establishments, and health care, and the population growth among ethnic minorities has also increased rapidly. At the present time, the rate of population growth among the minorities is extremely high, and the age structure of the minority population is young. The custom of early marriage and having children at a young age is still popular. The levels of economic development, cultural and educational establishments and medical and health care are still too low to satisfy current needs of the local people. Within a short period of time, population growth among the minorities may reach among climax, and the problem of overpopulation may become more serious. This new trend is not encouraging for the economic and cultural development of the minority people. In order to protect the economic situation of the minority population, various rules and regulations should be established according to local situations, and work in family planning and birth control is also urgently needed for the minorities.     

Physical quality of life index: Some international and Indian applications

In this paper, an attempt has been made to construct the physical quality of life index (PQLI) for some countries and for the Indian States as well. Three important indicators, viz. literacy rate, infant mortality rate and life expectancy at birth, reflecting the quality of life have been chosen and combined with equal weights to obtain PQLI. The rationale of equal weights, apart from any subjective judgement, may also be found in a mathematical model presented here. It is observed that PQLI rises sharply with per capita GNP but after a certain stage, an increase of per capita GNP is not accompanied by an increase of PQLI.     

人力资本对我国区域经济发展影响之实证研究

本文分析了我国的人口素质存量现状、各省时人力资源的利用效率以及净迁移率、人口年龄结构和人力资本等与人均GDP的关系。使用了横截面回归和1990年、2000年两次人口普查面板数据分析相结合的方法．研究发现：其一,人力资本教育投资发挥着重要效应,平均受教育年限对提高人均GDP有明显的促进作用。同时8年平均受教育年限是个基本分界点：其二,区域间存在较大的人力资本利用效率的差异,有10个省市人力资本利用效率较高．其中90％集中在东部地带。其三。人口迁移对人均GDP即经济效率的提高有显著性影响。文章呼吁重视9年义务教育、鼓励人口自由迁移和充分把握我国的人口机会窗口期。     

人口政策与人力资源开发

人口政策是宏观调控人口数量和质量的政策 ,是对国家未来发展具有决定性影响的战略政策。一个国家的人口政策如何 ,将会极大地影响这个国家的人口发展 ,影响人力资源的发展方向和发展趋势 ,进而影响到国家未来社会经济的发展和国家的综合国力。我国的人口政策 ,在促使人力资源数量与社会经济发展相适应 ,提高人力资源的身体素质和科学文化素质 ,促进人力资源的合理利用方面 ,发挥了巨大的作用 ,产生了巨大的经济效益和社会效益     

职业技能教育与人力资源开发

人力资源开发与管理是现代社会研究的热点 ,但在我国对人力资源开发具有重要作用的职业技能教育却被轻视。目前我国职业技能教育领域存在的问题 ,在一定程度上阻碍了经济的发展。为此 ,有必要根据经济发展的需要 ,改变办学观念 ,调整学科设置 ,在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上 ,建立以市场为导向的新型职业技能教育体系     

知识经济对人才资源发展的影响

知识经济将成为 2 1世纪的主流经济形态。与农业经济和工业经济相比 ,知识经济在主导的生产要素、经济发展的规律、财富的源泉、生产资料与劳动者结合的方式等方面均有明显差异。更为重要的是 ,知识经济是依托人才资源发展的经济 ,具有人才资源属性 ,即它是人才密集、人才创新和人才协作的经济。因此 ,知识经济对人才资源的发展具有重要的影响     

Some fundamental problems concerning the relationship between population growth and economic development]

The population growth rate is closely related to the quality of economic life, available funds for individual and social consumption, national income to be used for reproduction, and the labor employment situation. Since liberation, socialism has not been able to show its superiority, mainly because of China's large population figure, low economic productivity, low national income, and poor management in the relationship between consumption and accumulation. In order to solve these problems, we need to adequately control the pace of the population growth and match the rate of population growth with the pace of economic development. A way to increase national income is through saving and avoiding unnecessary waste. Social expenditures on education, culture, science, health and medical care, social welfare, and investment in the promotion of people's wisdom should all be increased. Meanwhile, the living standard of the people needs to be raised, and capital accumulation should also be managed so that funds will be available for industrial and economic enterprises. Existing inefficient production enterprises should be properly reorganized so that full employment may be achieved. In this way, the national economy will have more prosperity, and the people will benefit more from the Socialist policy.     

A multiattribute measure of human development

A measure of human development, which is not affected by some relevant drawbacks of the commonly utilized measures, is constructed. It is a function of several attributes associated with various factors — economic, social, environmental — and also includes non-homogeneous attributes. It is non-linear in its variables, so that it includes possible interactions among the attributes. Furthermore, it takes into account public opinion about human development through a well-defined procedure of assessment elicitation. The formulation of the human development function constituting the measure is described when considering just one attribute and then several attributes, and the difference between independence and dependence in assessment is shown. Such a procedure is applied to the measurement of human development in 9 countries of the EU, by using thirteen attributes related to the economic, social and environmental fields as well as to the quality of life.     

Uphold and develop Mao Zedong's thoughts on population]

Mao Zedong's thoughts on population were based upon the positions, viewpoints, methods, and basic theory of Marxism, with some adjustments made according to China's practical situation. The population theory of Marxism was developed and used with creative elements. Mao Zedong's thoughts on population can be summarized in three points: (1) An understanding of China's backwar economy and culture and their relationship to overpopulation. There is an urgent need to solve the population problem. (2) An understanding of the close relationship between material production and the reproduction of human beings themselves. A balance between the two should be achieved. (3) Family planning should be practiced so that population growth may be put under control. Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Party's Central Committee has reconfirmed and developed Mao Zedong's population thoughts in various important official documents and writings. In such new writings, special emphasis is placed on the fact that with limited arable land, China has to plan its population growth and that family planning should be made part of the national policy. With ideological education serving as a foundation, special administrative actions and economic measures should be taken to motivate and transform the general public. Mao Zedong's thoughts on population and related new developments represent the crystallization of the Party's collective wisdom.     

Does rapid economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence

Politicians and decision-makers in both developed and developing countries have sought to maximize economic growth on the basis of the belief that this leads to advances in the quality of life. This paper seeks to test whether this belief is well-founded. An application of the Diffusion Index to time-series data collected from a rapidly growing, low income country demonstrates that while higher national income makes for greater welfare the rate of welfare enhancement is almost independent of the rate of national income growth. On the basis of these findings, it is argued that the Gross National Product by itself may not be used as a reliable measure of human welfare. Finally, this paper suggests that in order to provide the maximum quality of life for the members of a given society, its national policy should be based on a much broader conception of welfare than is currently implied by the idea of GNP growthmanship.     

Agricultural policies and human fertility: Some emerging connections

Increasing agricultural output and slowing population growth are important policy goals of many developing nations. This article explores the idea that fertility of farm families may be influenced by the policies and programs introduced in rural areas to increase agricultural output. Specifically, the article provides an initial framework for identifying the links between agricultural policy and fertility, and reviews empirical studies regarding connections between human fertility and policies designed to influence agricultural production in rural areas.     

关于应对人口老龄化危机的经济学思考

从经济学的角度来说 ,应对人口老龄化危机 ,我们不能仅仅在收入的分配和再分配环节上做文章 ,个人账户制度也并非应对人口老龄化危机的良方。政府和社会在通过个人账户制度将人口老龄化风险转移给个人的同时 ,又使自己陷入了另一种风险之中。真正应对的办法只能是努力把生产这块“蛋糕”做大 ,相应的措施即为社会保障基金入市和提高退休年龄     

人力资本理论的演进及对人力资源开发的作用

人力资本的内涵和特征是随着历史的发展而确立和延伸的。本文梳理了中外学者对“人力资本”的不同定义,分析了人力资本理论的发展及其概念的扩展,以及人力资本理论对人力资源开发理论和实践的指导作用。指出人力资源开发研究者应进一步在个人、组织、社区和国际水平上探索人力资本理论和人力资源开发的关系。     

Estimating the impact of change in pre-pregnancy body mass index on development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: An Australian population-based cohort

BackgroundInternational studies examining maternal overweight and obesity have found GDM risk increases with increasing weight gain between pregnancies.AimThe study aimed to estimate the association between pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI), change in BMI between pregnancies and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) amongst women with consecutive births in an Australian cohort.MethodsWe used a population cohort of women who had at least two consecutive singleton births between 2010 and 2017 in one NSW health district to investigate the risk of GDM in the pregnancy after the index pregnancy, BMI change between pregnancies and the impact of BMI change on risk of GDM.FindingsOf 10,074 women 1987 (16.7%) had no GDM in the index pregnancy but GDM in the subsequent one while 823 (8.2%) had GDM in both pregnancies. No change in BMI between pregnancies occurred in 47% of women, while 12% had a decrease and 41% an increase. After adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and selected maternal and perinatal confounders, a reduction in BMI between births in women without GDM in the index pregnancy was associated with a 36% lower risk in GDM (aRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49?0.85), while an increase in BMI was associated with increased risk of GDM with the greatest risk amongst those who gained 4+ kg/m² (aRR 2.27; 95%CI: 1.88–2.75).ConclusionInterpregnancy weight change is an important modifiable risk factor for the risk of GDM in a subsequent pregnancy. Clinical guidelines and health messages about interpregnancy weight change are important for all women.     

加入WTO对中国企业人力资源开发与管理的影响

中国加入WTO之后 ,中国企业人力资源所面对的既是挑战 ,又是机遇。对此进行分析并提出相应对策 ,有助于全面推进企业的人力资源开发与管理 ,快速提高企业竞争力 ,使企业在国际人才争夺中掌握主动权     

Some problems with the development of the population theory since the founding of the People's Republic of China]

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of the population theory has experienced some setbacks. It is important to learn lessons from the past and establish a socialist population theory based on science. During the 1st 30 years of the People's Republic of China, the development of a population theory can be divided into 3 stages: 1) stage one was from 1949 to 1957 -- belief in population control on the basis of sociology; 2) stage two was from the late 1950s to early 1960s -- represented by Mr. Ma Yinchu's "New Population Theory" and the theory of the opposing side; and 3) stage Three began after the 1960s. Throughout the 1960s, studies of population theory remained stagnant, and no progress in this field was possible. In the 1970s, especially since the downfall of the "Gang of Four," the development of a population theory has entered a new stage. 3 problems with the development of the population theory discussed by the author are: 1) an evaluation of Comrade Mao Zedong's thoughts on population, 2) the division of different schools in population theory, 3) the different periods in the development of the population theory since 1949. Mao Zedong did change his thoughts on population control, but he was in favor of family planning and supported studies in population theory. Besides Ma Yinchu, Chin Da, Fei Xiaotong, Wu Jingchao and others also had their own population theories. The author emphasizes the contributions made by Mao Zedong and the Communist Party in the development of a population theory. New accomplishments and experience are expected with the downfall of the "Gang of Four."