新能源汽车闭环供应链的多级契约决策优化

随着环境问题的日益严峻,传统汽车工业面临巨大压力。虽然新能源汽车的绿色低碳为解决大气、水土污染提供了途径,但动力电池若回收不利也将对生态环境造成负面影响。文章着眼于构建新能源汽车销售及动力电池回收的多级供应链网络,在不同回收模式下对电池生产企业主导的闭环供应链进行契约协调。然后,针对动力电池回收体系不完善的社会问题,为政府找到促使销售和回收平衡的最优条件。研究发现:(1)当回收再制造利润空间满足一定条件,电池生产商倾向选择多回收渠道的模式,并且渠道竞争的加剧,对消费者和上游企业都有利;(2)当电池生产商同时参与正向销售、逆向回收上的收益共享时,"联合"共享契约可以实现供应链的协调、有效提高各企业利润;(3)电池的制造、再制造成本对回收价格和企业利润有很大影响,当技术革新、成本下降时,无论是企业还是消费者都可以获得更多的利润,进一步对单、双渠道回收模式进行选择,找出不同成本范围内的最优回收模式;(4)为了提高废旧电池回收率,政府通过征收环境保护税可以有效促进废旧电池的回收,并且最优税额随电池制造成本的增长而降低,随再制造成本的增长而增加。     

西方国家供应链联盟演变历程及对中国的启示

供应链联盟是一种基于网络经济的新型经济组织形式。本文主要以汽车业为例,对供应链联盟在西方国家产生、发展和演变的现实背景进行了分析,在此基础之上,指出我国企业参与供应链联盟需要解决的问题。     

e‐Business and Supply Chain Management

In recent years, the area of Supply Chain Management has generated a substantial amount of interest both by managers and researchers. This interest has also been fueled by the growth in the development and application of e‐business technologies. These technologies enable the supply chain manager to make coordinated decisions by integrating the diverse and sometimes conflicting objectives of the various trading partners in a chain. The purpose of this paper is to: (a) highlight strategic and tactical issues for analyzing supply chains in an e‐business setting based on papers published in this special issue; and (b) describe future research opportunities in this emerging interdisciplinary area.     

分形供应链的自相似性与其评价模型

供应链管理是企业在当前日益激烈的竞争环境中为提高核心竞争力而形成发展起来的管理方法。由于市场需求及运作环境的变化日愈加快,传统的稳健型供应链模型逐渐向具有更高敏捷度的动态供应链模型进化。但动态供应链往往因过于关注敏捷性而导致资源整合周期长、运作失衡等问题。为了平衡供应链构建及运作的灵活性和稳定性,本文提出了基于分形理论的具有自相似、自组织、自优化功能的可重构分形供应链。对其构建及运作模型进行了阐述,并着重利用分形方法对分形供应链的自相似性及相似性进行了研究,给出了基于分形方法的定量评价相似度的数学模型。     

基于SCOR模型的供应链绩效评估：一个创新的参数OFE

作为供应链管理的核心组成部分,供应链绩效评估对于供应链及企业的成功运作具有举足轻重的作用。本文基于供应链运作参考模型SCOR中已有的标准评估指标,在大量的供应链实践的基础上,立足于以顾客满意度为导向,致力于量化企业竞争力水平,创新地推导出新的供应链绩效评估参数,即订单履行效率OFE。该参数综合评估订单履行过程中定性和定量两方面的绩效,反应出投入的资源和其相关产出在质和量上的综合相关性。订单履行效率具有多维性、实用性和可操作性的特征,它不仅适用于评估供应链的各个环节,同时也可以作为辅助评估整个供应链管理绩效的指标。     

Performance Metric Portfolios: A Framework and Empirical Analysis

The widespread adoption of supply chain management principles suggests that managers recognize the importance of evaluating operational decisions holistically. However, it is often difficult to link specific operational practices to strategic level outcomes and in turn to corporate financial results. This presents problems for both managers and academic researchers attempting to justify the often high cost of operational improvement initiatives in terms of objective accounting metrics. This study provides evidence that it is possible to demonstrate linkages between carefully chosen portfolios of tactical, strategic, and financial metrics. Survey data from 118 manufacturers are used to evaluate hypotheses linking multilevel metrics of performance across three well‐established strategic foci. We present portfolios of metrics drawn from the literature and from the Supply Chain Counciľs supply‐chain operations reference model and related design and customer chain models. Our analysis suggests that metric portfolios in which tactical metrics are designed to match strategic‐level metrics, based on alignment with a specific strategic focus, provide clearer mechanisms for understanding performance linkages.     

多级供应链系统成本分析随机网络模型及算法研究

供应链成本管理是企业战略管理的核心组成部分。为研究多级供应链网络系统的成本组成及其分布特征、分析各节点企业的成本管理对多级供应链网络系统的影响、找到供应链系统成本管理中的薄弱环节和关键企业,本文构建了多级供应链系统成本的随机网络分析模型。首先研究了模型的结构性质特征,给出成本分布特征的解析算法。然后扩展模型,分别从系统成本类型构成(生产成本、库存成本和物流成本)和系统对企业成本波动的灵敏度两个角度深入研究多级供应链网络成本问题。数值算例分析结果说明了多级供应链网络系统成本分析模型和相关算法的有效性和实用性。     

政府支持、信任与供应链外部整合的关系研究

当前学术界对于影响供应链整合的因素、这些因素如何影响到供应链整合的研究相对匮乏。本研究则以广东省珠三角地区251家制造业为调查对象,构建了政府支持、信任与供应链外部整合之间关系的理论模型,以结构方程为工具,对政府支持、客户信任、供应商信任、客户整合、供应商整合之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,政府支持对客户信任、供应商信任均有显著的正向影响;政府支持对客户整合、供应商整合也均有显著的影响;信任对供应链外部整合具有显著的正向影响;此外,政府支持会以信任为中介,间接地对供应链外部整合产生影响,本研究弥补了我国情境下制度与信任因素对供应链整合影响相关研究的空缺,研究结果对我国制造业进行高效供应链整合具有一定的启发意义。     

渠道冲突环境下的闭环供应链协调定价模型

在销售渠道和回收渠道均存在冲突的情形下建立了闭环供应链博弈模型.首先,在分散化定价决策下研究了闭环供应链中的节点企业为了取得各自最优利润,如何确定自己的批发价、零售价、废旧品的回收价和回收补贴价格,以及分析了销售渠道冲突和回收渠道冲突对节点企业定价决策和利润的影响.然后,以集中化定价决策下的均衡结果作为基准,提出了一个改进的两部定价契约来实现闭环供应链的协调,以弥补分散化决策的效率损失.最后,运用算例的方法,进一步分析和讨论了渠道冲突对闭环供应链定价决策、制造商和零售商收益比,以及闭环供应链渠道运作效率的影响.     

考虑再制造设计水平的多期闭环供应链网络均衡

再制造设计已应用于企业实践,利于产品的再制造过程,但需要额外的投资。本文以多个规划期为决策环境,以包含需求市场层、零售商层和制造商层的闭环供应链网络为研究对象,其中每层包含多个成员,研究了制造商产品可再制造性设计水平决策问题。政府规定最低可再制造设计水平,各制造商对新产品的可再制造设计水平、生产和交易等变量进行决策;正向渠道中零售商同时销售新产品和再制造品,逆向渠道中零售商受制造商委托,在每个规划期末,回收各需求市场产生的废旧品;消费者对新产品和再制造品评价不同,通常对新产品评价较高,而对再制造品评价较低,其对两种产品愿意支付的价格也会不同。利用变分不等式等理论获得制造商和零售商的均衡条件,并获得整个供应链网络均衡模型。采用修正投影收缩算法求解。通过算例对再制造投资影响因子、政府最低可再制造水平、消费者对再制造品的评价系数等参数对均衡结果的影响进行了分析,获得了在多规划期供应链网络环境下,制造商的产品可再制造设计水平和政府有关部门决策时需关注的问题等管理学启示。     

Collaboration and Coordination in Supply Chain Management and E‐Commerce

Research in Supply Chain Management and Electronic Commerce has grown dramatically in the past decade as firms have intensified efforts to streamline operations and improve service to a diverse and demanding customer base. Central to this theme is the need for firms to look outside of their organizations for opportunities to collaborate and coordinate with partners to ensure that the supply chain is both efficient and responsive to dynamic market needs. Such collaboration and coordination opportunities introduce new challenges and complexities as a result of increased problem scale and scope, and potentially conflicting incentives among different supply chain players. Motivated by these new challenges, this special issue explores a range of coordination and collaboration problems, stressing the role of information and associated technologies in facilitating and enabling supply chain integration.     

非平稳需求下考虑碳配额的供应链选址-库存模型与算法研究

针对非平稳需求下考虑碳配额的多期、多需求情景的三级供应链选址-库存问题，构建了库存策略（t，s，S）下供应链运营期望收益最大化的两阶段选址-库存随机优化模型，依据供应链企业不同着眼点下的决策流程，提出了一种三步骤的分层级启发式算法，该算法包含了选址导向和需求导向的两种子问题序贯求解模式。数值算例验证了在不同问题规模及需求类型下算法求解的有效性，同时分析了供应链网络设计、各成本占比和运营收益对不同供应链成本结构、需求不确定性与碳配额的敏感性，并给出了管理上的启示。     

Researchers' Perspectives on Supply Chain Risk Management

Supply chain risk management (SCRM) is a nascent area emerging from a growing appreciation for supply chain risk by practitioners and by researchers. However, there is diverse perception of research in supply chain risk because these researchers have approached this area from different domains. This paper presents our study of this diversity from the perspectives of operations and supply chain management scholars: First, we reviewed the researchers' output, i.e., the recent research literature. Next, we surveyed two focus groups (members of Supply Chain Thought Leaders and International SCRM groups) with open‐ended questions. Finally, we surveyed operations and supply chain management researchers during the 2009 INFORMS meeting in San Diego. Our findings characterize the diversity in terms of three “gaps”: a definition gap in how researchers define SCRM, a process gap in terms of inadequate coverage of response to risk incidents, and a methodology gap in terms of inadequate use of empirical methods. We also list ways to close these gaps as suggested by the researchers.     

TOURING A SUPPLY CHAIN WITH STUDENTS: PEDAGOGICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

This paper describes the supply chain tour, an expansion of the widely used facility tour pedagogy. A supply chain tour is a tour of facilities sequentially related in the creation of value that is designed to expose critical linkages and illustrate Supply Chain Management concepts and theories. Effectively using the supply chain tour pedagogy requires the instructor to create a standardized approach to managing the facility tour; a checklist is provided for this purpose. An example supply chain tour, used in the author's classes, is described.     

政府补贴下制造商回收的多期闭环供应链网络均衡

为刻画闭环供应链系统运作的动态性和复杂性特点,本文在综合考虑环保约束和政府补贴等因素的基础上,建立了制造商回收模式下的多期闭环供应链网络均衡模型,其中假设市场需求在不同规划期内动态变化,渠道成员通过库存和旧产品的回收连接相邻规划期。运用变分不等式理论分别刻画了制造商层、零售商层和需求市场层的最优行为和均衡条件,进而推导整个多期闭环供应链网络均衡模型。通过投影收缩算法对数值算例进行求解和灵敏度分析,研究结果表明:再制造转化率的提高有利于各渠道成员和消费者利益的改善;尽管资源再生厂向制造商收取未再利用旧产品的处理费能够迫使其提高回收力度,但却导致零售商和闭环供应链收益的损失;政府应实施补贴机制并促进渠道成员之间的协作来改善闭环供应链网络的绩效。这些结论将为现实中闭环供应链节点企业的动态决策以及政府部门制定补贴政策提供支持。     

Decision knowledge sharing: flexible supply chains in KM context

Supply chain excellence has a real impact on business strategy. Building supply chains as flexible systems represents one of the most exciting opportunities to create value and one of the most challenging tasks for the policy makers. It requires integrated decision making amongst autonomous chain partners with effective decision knowledge sharing between them. The key to success lies in knowing which decision has more impact on the overall performance and this can be achieved by appropriate knowledge sharing. In this context, knowledge management (KM) can be used as an effective approach to achieve knowledge sharing and decision synchronisation in supply chains. Flexible supply chains (FSC_s) are more complex and involve multiple autonomous players with varying technical cultures (affects knowledge mindsets), managerial background (affects decision knowledge) and supply chain management (SCM) exposures (affects knowledge sharing attitudes). Thus there is a need to develop demo models that can encourage chain managers towards collaborative knowledge sharing in the supply chains. This paper presents the application of one such model based on decision knowledge sharing (DKS) for improved supply chain management. A simulation model of a flexible supply chain based on DKS framework is developed for demo purposes. The key results are highlighted along with industry implications. The cost based performance of DKS at different levels of flexibility is studied. Thus a careful analysis of the chain with a focus on collaborative decisions is useful to ensure success. This paper addresses this interesting and challenging domain.     

Supply chain integration framework using literature review

Definitions and measures of supply chain integration (SCI) are diverse. More empirical research, with clear definition and appropriate measures are needed. The purpose of this article is to identify dimensions and variables for SCI and develop an integrated framework to facilitate this. A literature review of the relevant academic papers in international journals in Logistics, Supply Chain Management and Operations Management for the period 1995–2009 has been undertaken. This study reveals that information integration, coordination and resource sharing and organisational relationship linkage are three major dimensions for SCI. The proposed framework helps integrate both upstream suppliers and downstream customers with the focal organisation. It also allows measuring SCI using both qualitative and quantitative approach. This study encourages researchers and practitioners to identify dimensions and variables for SCI and analyses how it affects the overall supply chain (SC) performance in terms of efficiency and responsiveness. Although there is extensive research in the area of SCI, a comprehensive and integrated approach is missing. This study bridges the gap by developing a framework for measuring SCI, which enables any organisation to identify critical success factors for integrating their SC, measures the degree of integration qualitatively and quantitatively and suggest improvement measures.     

分销商需求与其努力相关时混合渠道供应链协调研究

建立了由一个制造商和一个分销商组成的混合渠道供应链模型,考虑了分销商的需求量与其销售努力相关时的协调问题,分别讨论了传统渠道和混合渠道两种情况下供应链的订货量、销售努力的协调问题.并通过改进的收入共享契约使混合渠道供应链同时达到了订货量和销售努力的协调。最后进行了算例分析,比较了供应链、以及供应链成员的利润变化情况,分析结果可以为准备增设电子渠道的制造商提供有意义的建议。     

Information sharing in supply chains

Supply chain is defined as a system of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers where material, financial and information flows connect participants in both directions. Most supply chains are composed of independent agents with individual preferences. It is expected that no single agent has the power to optimise the supply chain. Supply chain management is now seen as a governing element in strategy and as an effective way of creating value for customers. The so-called bullwhip effect, describing growing variation upstream in a supply chain, is probably the most famous demonstration that decentralised decision making can lead to poor supply chain performance. Information asymmetry is one of the most powerful sources of the bullwhip effect. Information sharing of customer demand has an impact on the bullwhip effect. Information technology has lead to centralised information, shorter lead times and smaller batch sizes. The analysis of causes of the bullwhip effect has lead to suggestions for reducing the bullwhip effect in supply chains by strategic partnership. Supply chain partnership leads to increased information flows, reduced uncertainty, and a more profitable supply chain. The cooperation is based on contacts and formal agreements. Information exchange is very important issue for coordinating actions of units. New business practices and information technology make the coordination even closer. Information sharing and strategic partnerships of units can be modelled by different network structures.     

需求扰动下闭环供应链的收益费用共享契约研究

本文研究了由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的零售商负责回收闭环供应链。指出通过收益费用共享契约可协调解决分散式决策闭环供应链中存在的“双边际效应”问题,提高其运营效益。当突发事件引起市场需求中的最大市场需求规模发生扰动时,通过对集中式决策闭环供应链的最优决策与稳定环境下起协调作用的收益费用共享契约协调零售商所得到的最优决策进行比较分析,结果表明：稳定环境下的收益费用共享契约将不能协调突发事件干扰下的分散式决策闭环供应链。基于收益费用共享契约的协调机理对其参数进行改进可再次协调突发事件干扰下的分散式决策闭环供应链,并且该契约也能够协调稳定环境下的分散式决策闭环供应链。最后,通过算例验证了本文的主要结论并说明了收益费用共享契约的价值。