知识链视角下开放式创新主体的联盟策略研究

创新联盟是开放式创新的实践基础,选择适宜的合作伙伴缔结创新联盟是组织面对的重要决策问题。本文以组织间知识转移为线索,考虑一个由知识源、知识转化中介与信息服务机构组成的知识链,以知识产权交易为合作机制设计序贯博弈模型,分析了不同的联盟策略对组织的知识创造与创新收益的影响。研究表明:缔结创新联盟能够产生双赢效应,即同时提高联盟内部成员与非联盟成员的知识创造及创新收益;知识链在集中决策时的整体创新收益与知识创造均高于分散决策;由知识源与信息服务机构组建创新联盟是分散决策下知识链的最优联盟策略。研究结论有助于揭示开放式创新的知识转移对组织联盟策略的作用机理。     

基于集对分析和模糊多属性群决策的动态联盟盟员选择模型

动态联盟盟员选择是一个十分重要的问题,它直接关系到动态联盟的成败。为了求得动态联盟的最佳伙伴,考虑到不同决策者其决策可信性的区别,结合盟员选择中不同决策者判断模糊性的特点,本文基于模糊环境下的多属性群决策的方法,应用集对分析理论和方法,构建了一种新的动态联盟盟员选择模型。实例计算表明,应用该模型进行动态联盟盟员选择具有可行性,为选择动态联盟盟员提供了一种有效的方法,具有一定的实用价值。     

基于不确定纯语言混合调和平均算子的多属性群决策方法

在现实生活中,由于决策者对一些特定领域问题的熟悉度和时间限制等因素制约,决策信息一般以不确定纯语言的形式给出,即专家权重、属性权重及属性值均为语言标度的形式. 本文研究了不确定纯语言环境下的多属性群决策问题,给出了不确定环境下的纯语言有序加权调和平均(UPLOWHA)算子,纯语言混合调和平均(UPLHHA)算子等,研究了基于这些算子的纯语言多属性群决策问题,提出了相应的多属性群决策方法. 该方法计算方便且能充分利用已有语言决策信息. 同时,将该方法应用于解决虚拟企业中的合作伙伴选择问题,并通过与其他方法的比较分析,说明此方法的有效性.     

基于VIKOR和诱导广义直觉梯形模糊Choquet积分算子的多属性群决策方法

针对属性值为直觉梯形模糊数,决策者间和属性间存在相互关联的多属性群决策问题,引入模糊测度和Choquet积分的概念,在直觉梯形模糊数的运算法则基础上构建了诱导型广义直觉梯形模糊choquet积分平均(IG-ITFCA)算子和诱导型广义直觉梯形模糊choquet积分几何(IG-ITFCG)算子,探讨上述算子的若干性质及一些特例,进而提出了基于诱导型广义直觉梯形模糊Choquet积分算子和多准则妥协优化解(VIKOR)的直觉梯形模糊多属性群决策方法。实例分析验证该方法的有效性和合理性。     

决策支持系统在供应链联盟合作伙伴选择中的应用

供应链联盟合作伙伴的选择是实现供应链管理必须解决的一个现实问题,本文分析了构建供应链联盟合作伙伴关系的意义,在此基础上提出了运用决策支持系统来辅助进行供应链联盟合作伙伴选择问题的决策。     

高新技术网络企业知识创新能力影响因素分析——基于西安高新区企业的实证研究

在知识经济时代,知识创新作为知识管理中的重要环节,是提升竞争能力的有效途径,但现有文献对网络企业知识创新能力的影响因素仍然缺乏系统、全面的分析。通过回顾国内外研究,本文以西安高新区122家企业为研究对象,对知识创新能力的关键影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明:(1)知识属性虽然对知识创新能力并不能产生直接影响,然而却能够通过知识共享意愿对知识创新能力产生间接影响;(2)知识吸收对知识创新能力并不能产生直接影响,然而却能够通过知识共享意愿或网络异质性间接影响知识创新能力;(3)网络异质性与知识共享意愿直接影响知识创新能力;(4)四个因素对企业知识创新能力的影响程度大小为:知识吸收>网络异质性>知识共享意愿>知识属性。     

改进的模糊综合评判法在动态联盟合作伙伴选择中的应用研究

针对现有的动态联盟合作伙伴选择方法存在的弊端,提出了一种基于模糊综合评判的选择方法.该方法首先根据模糊综合评判存在的问题将其进行了改进,然后利用改进后的模糊综合评判方法建立合作伙伴选择模型,最后通过实例分析证明了该合作伙伴选择模型的有效性和可行性.     

集群内外竞争、标准网络外部性对标准联盟组建意愿和创新绩效的影响

 产业集群的发展为技术标准联盟的形成、技术标准的创新提供了有效的载体和平台,因此集群环境如何影响集群企业的技术标准战略是一个新颖的研究课题。影响技术标准形成和扩散的主要因素之一是网络外部性,而集群的技术标准除标准本身所具有的网络外部性外,还有集群的网络外部性。        考虑到集群内部企业之间的竞争、集群之间的竞争是集群的主要环境之一,分析群内竞争、群外竞争及集群标准的网络外部性对技术标准联盟组建意愿和创新绩效的影响。以集群技术标准联盟的知识溢出为视角审视技术标准联盟创新的特性,构建数学模型,对群内竞争、群外竞争、集群标准网络外部性对集群内技术标准联盟组建意愿和创新绩效的影响进行机理分析。基于227份调查问卷数据,通过实证分析对机理分析取得的相关结论进行验证。        研究结果表明,①群内竞争对集群技术标准联盟组建意愿和创新绩效具有负向影响,群外竞争、集群标准的网络外部性对集群技术标准联盟组建意愿和创新绩效具有正向影响;②在不同的群内竞争、群外竞争、集群标准网络外部性下,知识溢出对集群技术标准联盟组建意愿和创新绩效的影响具有权变性;③集群企业间的知识溢出程度调节群内竞争、群外竞争、集群标准网络外部性与集群技术标准联盟组建意愿和创新绩效的关系,这种调节作用也因群内竞争、群外竞争和集群标准网络外部性的不同而具有权变性。        限制集群内部企业的过度竞争,使企业将竞争焦点转向集群外企业,增加集群整体的品牌效应,维护集群的正网络外部性,有利于产业集群技术标准的形成和创新;政府应适时调整产业集群企业间的知识溢出,充分利用知识溢出的优势,限制其对技术标准创新的阻滞作用。     

基于供应链联盟的知识整合研究

核心能力理论的发展说明通过跨企业知识整合可以增强企业的竞争优势。本文对供应链联盟知识整合的结构框架和特征进行分析,阐述通过专业整合和系统整合把个人知识整合为跨企业结构化知识的过程,并进一步探讨了产品交易、资产属性和路径依赖性等对供应链联盟知识整合的影响。最后本文对丰田公司的供应链联盟———协丰会进行案例分析。     

竞合视角下高技术企业创新联盟稳定性研究

从竞合的理论视角出发,运用演化博弈理论,通过构建高技术企业创新联盟成员企业竞合关系的演化博弈模型,分析信任度、互补度、风险系数以及合作创新贴现因子等因素对创新联盟稳定性的影响,并运用Matlab对上述因素的影响进行了数值仿真。结果表明,较高的信任度和互补度可以提高联盟成员间的合作意愿,保障联盟的稳定运行;较高的合作创新贴现因子通过降低联盟成员未来收益的不确定性,增强了合作伙伴间进行长期合作的信心,维持了联盟的稳定运行;由于较高的风险系数增加了合作创新的风险成本,导致联盟成员间合作关系可能演变为竞争关系,从而阻碍了联盟的稳定发展。最后,根据演化博弈分析结果提出了相关建议。     

Staying Close to the Core: Lessons from Studying the Costs of Unrelated Alliances in Spanish Banking

This article analyses whether alliances create shareholders value, and if this value differs depending on the similarity of the partners' businesses, or on the similarity of the partners' businesses with that of the alliance. Using data from 467 equity and non-equity based strategic alliances from 1996-1999 involving at least one listed Spanish bank, we find that, overall, alliances create shareholder value, but that the returns to shareholders are significantly higher when alliance activity is closer to the core business of the banks, than when alliances involve unrelated activities. Although there is no evidence that unrelated strategic alliances destroy value on average, the results obtained show that banks need to assess the benefits and costs of diversification strategies carefully, as their likelihood of success is initially smaller.     

Evaluation of Multicriteria Decision Analysis Algorithms in Food Safety: A Case Study on Emerging Zoonoses Prioritization

Decision making in food safety is a complex process that involves several criteria of different nature like the expected reduction in the number of illnesses, the potential economic or health-related cost, or even the environmental impact of a given policy or intervention. Several multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) algorithms are currently used, mostly individually, in food safety to rank different options in a multifactorial environment. However, the selection of the MCDA algorithm is a decision problem on its own because different methods calculate different rankings. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of different uncertainty sources on the rankings of MCDA problems in the context of food safety. For that purpose, a previously published data set on emerging zoonoses in the Netherlands was used to compare different MCDA algorithms: MMOORA, TOPSIS, VIKOR, WASPAS, and ELECTRE III. The rankings were calculated with and without considering uncertainty (using fuzzy sets), to assess the importance of this factor. The rankings obtained differed between algorithms, emphasizing that the selection of the MCDA method had a relevant impact in the rankings. Furthermore, considering uncertainty in the ranking had a high influence on the results. Both factors were more relevant than the weights associated with each criterion in this case study. A hierarchical clustering method was suggested to aggregate results obtained by the different algorithms. This complementary step seems to be a promising way to decrease extreme difference among algorithms and could provide a strong added value in the decision-making process.     

联盟控制方式对伙伴知识获取的影响研究:来自我国医院间联盟的证据

越来越多的组织依赖于战略联盟作为知识获取的平台,但理论研究对于不同类型的联盟控制方式如何影响伙伴知识获取仍然关注不足。本文采用一般组织理论分析方法,探讨正式的契约控制和非正式的信任机制对伙伴知识获取的直接与交互作用。来自国内190家联盟医院的数据分析表明,善意信任、能力信任促进了伙伴的知识获取,而契约控制与知识获取间呈现先增强后减弱的非线性关系。此外,有关交互效应的统计结果表明,善意信任与契约控制在促进伙伴知识获取的过程中相互替代,而能力信任与契约控制则互为补充。     

Coping with Diversity in Alliances for Innovation: The Role of Relational Social Capital and Knowledge Codifiability

Alliances are increasingly considered a key element for innovation, especially in knowledge‐intensive firms. While this is true, the mere membership to alliances does not explain innovation performance, and thus the alliance's characteristics that determine high performance must be examined. This research address the question of how the diversity of partners in a certain alliance for innovation affects innovation performance, and how this influence can be moderated by certain characteristics, such as the relational dimension of social capital and the type of knowledge shared among partners. The empirical analysis of a sample of 90 biotech companies shows that there is an inverted U‐shaped relationship between alliance partner diversity and innovation performance and confirms the positive moderating effects of relational social capital and knowledge codifiability. These findings contribute to the current research on alliances for innovation by providing empirical evidence on why some alliances perform better than others. Also, the results suggest that the study of alliance partner diversity, as a determinant of alliance performance, should not be addressed in isolation.     

Stock Evaluation Using a Preference Disaggregation Methodology

This paper presents a real application of a multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) approach to portfolio selection based on preference disaggregation, using ordinal regression and linear programming (UTADIS method; UTilités Additives DIScriminantes). The additive utility functions that are derived through this approach have the extrapolation ability that any new alternative (share) can be easily evaluated and classified into one of several user-predefined groups. The procedure is illustrated with a case study of 98 stocks from the Athens stock exchange, using 15 criteria. The results are encouraging, indicating that the proposed methodology could be used as a tool for the analysis of the portfolio managers' preferences and choices. Furthermore, the comparison with multiple discriminant analysis (either using a stepwise procedure or not) illustrates the superiority of the proposed methodology over a well-known multivariate statistical technique that has been extensively used to study financial decision-making problems.     

弥补创新的中间断层——以华南理工大学工研院为例

目前我国产学研合作创新面临的中间断层危机很大程度上制约着企业技术创新能力的构建与可持续性竞争力的形成。本文基于产学研合作、知识转移、区域创新系统等理论,通过剖析珠三角区域创新系统内,华南理工大学工研院在产学研合作中充当的三重角色、知识转移模式和内外合作网络的架构,提出我国区域创新系统高校产学研合作创新的对策:(1)创业型大学是三螺旋模型的助推器,应该积极推动高校作为产学研合作的组织者和连接官产学研合作的纽带与桥梁;(2)提出嵌入企业学习机理的知识转移模式;(3)产学研合作组织者的关系镶嵌与网络能力是弥补产学研创新断层的关键。     

Multicriteria Decision Analysis: A Comprehensive Decision Approach for Management of Contaminated Sediments

Contaminated sediments and other sites present a difficult challenge for environmental decisionmakers. They are typically slow to recover or attenuate naturally, may involve multiple regulatory agencies and stakeholder groups, and engender multiple toxicological and ecotoxicological risks. While environmental decision-making strategies over the last several decades have evolved into increasingly more sophisticated, information-intensive, and complex approaches, there remains considerable dissatisfaction among business, industry, and the public with existing management strategies. Consequently, contaminated sediments and materials are the subject of intense technology development, such as beneficial reuse or in situ treatment. However, current decision analysis approaches, such as comparative risk assessment, benefit-cost analysis, and life cycle assessment, do not offer a comprehensive approach for incorporating the varied types of information and multiple stakeholder and public views that must typically be brought to bear when new technologies are under consideration. Alternatively, multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) offers a scientifically sound decision framework for management of contaminated materials or sites where stakeholder participation is of crucial concern and criteria such as economics, environmental impacts, safety, and risk cannot be easily condensed into simple monetary expressions. This article brings together a multidisciplinary review of existing decision-making approaches at regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe and synthesizes state-of-the-art research in MCDA methods applicable to the assessment of contaminated sediment management technologies. Additionally, it tests an MCDA approach for coupling expert judgment and stakeholder values in a hypothetical contaminated sediments management case study wherein MCDA is used as a tool for testing stakeholder responses to and improving expert assessment of innovative contaminated sediments technologies.     

The management of firms’ alliance network positioning: Implications for innovation

In spite of the frequent calls for a much more integrated approach, the field of management still faces the ever continuing challenges in attempting to bridge the gap between academic research and managerial actions and practices. The field of strategic alliances and firms’ networks are those among which research and practice are more diverging. Trying to cover this separation, the article presents an empirical research on automotive industry that investigates the effects on innovation performance of the position that firms occupy in the network of alliances. The hypothesis that guides this research is that innovation is generated not only from the resources that a company is able to develop internally, but also through access to resources and capabilities owned by the external companies and organizations that the firm itself is tied to through alliances and cooperation agreements. Beyond this broad argument, the paper links tightly research and practice showing way and how the quality of access to resources owned by partners is influenced by the position occupied in the network of alliances and not only by the existence of single collaborative ties. Assuming a managerial approach which relies on the milestones of network research, different types of positioning in the network of alliances are discussed and tested on their impact on innovation.     

供应商参与新产品开发对企业自主创新能力的影响研究

本文以装备制造企业为实证研究对象,探讨了供应商参与新产品开发对企业自主创新能力的影响关系.同时,构建了包括供应商参与新产品开发、关系互动、知识创造、企业自主创新能力四个变量的概念模型,并提出相应的理论假设.通过结构方程模型的检验,表明供应商参与新产品开发对关系互动和知识创造均有显著的正向影响,进而通过两者对企业自主创新能力有显著正向影响.     

Entrepreneurial orientation in vertical alliances: joint product innovation and learning from allies

This paper clarifies how a firm’s entrepreneurial orientation (EO) affects joint product innovation within a vertical alliance and how this is influenced by increasing technological uncertainty and the absorption of knowledge from the alliance partners. The results of a structural equation model with latent interactions on 171 firms in the manufacturing industry indicate that the focal firm’s EO increases joint innovation, although this positive effect declines when a high level of uncertainty increases. On the other hand, the ability to absorb partners’ knowledge increases joint product innovation. As such, this study’s results contribute to research in the field of vertical alliances, EO, and the theoretical foundation of a dynamic capability perspective.